Distribution transformer monitor

ABSTRACT

A distribution transformer monitor includes a housing arranged for positioning in proximity to a distribution transformer vessel. The monitor also includes a sensor arranged in the housing, which is positioned to generate digital data associated with at least one environmental condition that exists inside the distribution transformer vessel, and a processing circuit arranged to determine from the generated digital data that the at least one environmental condition has crossed a threshold. The sensor may include any one or more of a temperature sensor, a camera, an accelerometer, a pressure sensor, and a microphone.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure generally relates to high-voltage distributiontransformers. More particularly, but not exclusively, the presentdisclosure relates to monitoring certain conditions associated with adistribution transformer's vessel such as temperature, pressure, and asurge arrestor.

Description of the Related Art

Distribution transformers receive power at a first, higher voltage froma feeder or primary distribution main and transform that power to asecond, lower voltage. The transformed power is supplied to a secondarydistribution main, a consumer service line, or some other lower voltagepower conduit. In many cases, the feeder and primary distribution mains,and the consumer lines and secondary distribution mains are constructedoverhead and particularly subject to lightning disturbances. In othercases, the transformers are constructed at ground-level, constructed insubterranean vaults, or constructed at some other location.

It has been known since the early 1900s that such distributiontransformers can fail catastrophically. The failure of the distributiontransformer may be caused by a lightning strike at the site of thetransformer, a lightning strike in proximity to the transformer, anexcessive overload (e.g., short-circuit, heavy load) on a consumerservice line or secondary distribution main, a failure of thetransformer itself (e.g., an insulation failure, an internal fault inthe transformer winding, or the like), an unexpected and environmentalcondition such as flooding or exceptionally high ambient temperature, orsome other event or condition.

In some cases, when a distribution transformer fails, the failure cancause inconvenience via a service outage. In some cases, the failure mayalso cause property damage, environmental damage, injuries or death toliving things, or some combination thereof. If a distributiontransformer explodes, for example due to excessive internal temperatureor pressure, the explosion may cause a sustained power outage, damage tothe structure around the transformer (e.g., a light pole), damage tostructures or vehicles in proximity to the exploding transformer, arelease of known environmentally hazardous materials (e.g.,polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)), or other damages.

A catastrophic failure of a transformer that results in an explosion isoften precipitated by an increased pressure within the transformervessel. To prevent such a catastrophic failure, it has been known formany decades to provide electrical distribution transformers withpressure relief means.

FIG. 1A is a known distribution transformer bearing a known pressurerelief valve. FIG. 1B is the pressure relief valve 40 of FIG. 1A in moredetail. Collectively, FIGS. 1A and 1B may be referred to herein asFIG. 1. Structures earlier identified are not repeated for brevity.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,624 to Keogh teaches the known pressure relief valveof FIG. 1A. The pressure relief valve of FIG. 1A opens automatically tolimit the total pressure rise within a transformer vessel 10. In moredetail, an electrical distribution transformer has a cylindrical metalvessel 10 supported on a vertical wooden pole 11 by bolts 12, whichextends through hanger brackets 14 welded to a sidewall 15 of the vessel10 and protrude through the wooden pole 11. The vessel 10 is closed by ametallic cover 16 with a resilient nitrile rubber gasket 17 compressedtherebetween, and cover 16 is releasably attached to the vessel 10 by aflexible banding strap 19. The ends of banding strap 19 are connected byreleasable tensioning means 20. Cover 16 may have a hand hole 22, whichpermits access to an interior of the vessel 10, and which is normallyclosed by a hand hole cover 23 with a resilient nitrile rubber gasket 24compressed therebetween.

A distribution transformer core and coil assembly 26 is immersed in andinsulating dielectric fluid 27 such as transformer oil. The core andcoil assembly 26 may include a pair of magnetic cores 28 wound frommagnetic steel having back-to-back sides defining a core winding leg,which is encircled by a winding assembly 29 having a primary windingcoil connected by suitable conductors 32 to primary insulating bushings36 mounted on cover 16 and a secondary winding connected by suitableconductors 33 to secondary insulating bushings 34 affixed to thesidewall 15 of the vessel 10.

Nitrile rubber gasket 17 is intended to prevent the transformer oil fromdeteriorating in dielectric strength as a result of moisture and airentering the vessel 10. When this happens, dangerous over pressures maybuild up internal to the vessel 10 as a result of arcing beneath the oilor as a result of incipient fault current, which is not of sufficientlyhigh magnitude to rupture a primary fuse link 35.

To relieve the elevated pressure, a pressure relief valve 40 is mountedin a sidewall 15 of the vessel 10 adjacent to pole 11. The pressurerelief valve 40 is positioned above and upper level of the oil 27. Thepressure relief valve 40 is arranged to automatically operate to an openposition when a first predetermined pressure (e.g., five pounds persquare inch (5 psi)) builds up within the vessel 10. Opening thepressure relief valve 40 vents to the atmosphere and towards the pole 11an explosive gas mixture resulting from arcing under the oil. Whenenough venting has occurred that pressure in the vessel falls below apredetermined level (e.g., 2 psi), the pressure relief valve 40 willreclose and reseal the vessel 10.

FIG. 1B is the pressure relief valve 40 of FIG. 1A shown incross-section and with a handle 71 affixed thereto. The pressure reliefvalve 40 includes a cylindrical metal valve body 41, which extendsthrough an aperture 43 in the sidewall 15 of the vessel 10. The pressurerelief valve 40 has external threads 44, which engage internal threadsin a metallic ring 46 welded to the sidewall 15 of the vessel 10. Theinternal threads of the metallic ring 46 surround the aperture 43. Aresilient gasket 48 is compressed between a circumferential flange 49intermediate the ends of valve body 41 external of the vessel 10 and thevessel sidewall 15. The resilient gasket 48 forms a hermetic seal forthe pressure relief valve 40 at aperture 43.

Pressure relief valve body 41 has a conical axial opening defining atapered valve seat 51 and a conical axial compartment 52. The pressurerelief valve body 41 is arranged having a hexagonal tool engagingsurface 53, which facilitates rotatably joining the valve body 41 withthe vessel 10 using a suitable socket, wrench, or other tool.

The pressure relief valve body 41 has an integral spring retainer formedvia an annular valve stem guide 55 Co. axial with the valve body 41 anddisposed in a plane normal to the axis of valve body 41 adjacent thesmaller diameter and of conical compartment 52 and spaced from the wallof valve body 41 defining conical compartment 52 and also being integralwith a plurality of ribs 56, which extend radially from the annularvalve stem 55. The axial conical openings 51 and 52 at opposite ends ofthe pressure relief valve body 41 communicate through a cylindricalaxial opening 57 in the valve body 41. An elongated valve stem 59 isreciprocable axially of axial opening 57 in the pressure relief valvebody 41 and protrudes through the annular valve stem guide 55.

At its outer end, valve stem 59 has a circular valve head 63 with asubstantial dimension in the axial direction. Valve head 63 has acircumferential tapered peripheral face 64, which is complementary toconical valve seat 51. A circumferential groove 66 is provided intapered face 64, and a resilient gasket 67 is disposed withincircumferential groove 66. Valve stem 59 may be threaded at its innerend and a cylindrical compression spring 68 circumferentially adjacentto valve stem 59 is compressed between the annular valve stem guideportion 55 and a nut 70 threaded on the inner and of valve stem 59 tourge gasket 67 on valve head 63 against conical valve seat 51 to sealpressure relief valve 40.

In operation, pressure internal to the vessel 10 is exerted against thevalve head 63. When the first predetermined pressure exists within thevessel 10, valve stem 59 is lifted from a position shown in full linesin FIG. 1B to the position shown in dashed lines, and such lifting ventsthe vessel 10 to the atmosphere and limits the rising pressure. Thepredetermined pressure at which the pressure relief valve 40 operates tolift the valve stem 59 to the open position may be adjusted by turningnut 70 relative to valve stem 59, which changes the loading oncompression spring 68.

The pressure relief valve 40 in FIG. 1B has a handle 71 affixed to valvehead 63. The handle 71 is accessible from the exterior of vessel 10 andmay be manually operated to vent vessel 10. The manual operationincludes pulling handle 71 to move valve stem 59 longitudinally againstthe bias of spring 68. As described in the present disclosure, knownpressure relief valves are arranged automatically, manually, orautomatically and manually to vent a distribution transformer vessel andprevent a catastrophic failure of the distribution transformer.

All of the subject matter discussed in the Background section is notnecessarily prior art and should not be assumed to be prior art merelyas a result of its discussion in the Background section. Along theselines, any recognition of problems in the prior art discussed in theBackground section or associated with such subject matter should not betreated as prior art unless expressly stated to be prior art. Instead,the discussion of any subject matter in the Background section should betreated as part of the inventor's approach to the particular problem,which, in and of itself, may also be inventive.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The following is a summary of the present disclosure to provide anintroductory understanding of some features and context. This summary isnot intended to identify key or critical elements of the presentdisclosure or to delineate the scope of the disclosure. This summarypresents certain concepts of the present disclosure in a simplified formas a prelude to the more detailed description that is later presented.

The device, method, and system embodiments of the new distributiontransformer monitor described in this disclosure (i.e., the teachings ofthis disclosure) improve on known protection schemes for distributiontransformers. In addition to a known pressure relief valve, theinventive distribution transformer monitor embodiments described hereinare arranged to provide additional protections for distributiontransformers, living things, and property by monitoring any one or moreof in-vessel oil temperature, in-vessel oil level, in-vessel airpressure, exterior air temperature proximate to the distributiontransformer vessel, electrical output parameters of the distributiontransformer, and certain parameters of a surge arrestor (e.g., thecontinuity of a metal-oxide varistor (MOV)). These additionalprotections may be further or alternatively provided by monitoring otherparameters, properties, conditions, and the like, and in at least somecases, additional protections may be provided by aggregating data from aplurality of distribution transformer monitors. In these cases, some orall of the aggregated data may be analyzed with an artificialintelligence engine to identify impending fault conditions, maintenanceconditions, or other conditions. In at least some embodiments, themonitor system embodiments described herein also include a perceptibleuser interface (e.g., a controllable pilot light, a transceiver, anaudio output, or the like) that permits ground crews or others toverify, for example from ground level, that no reportable faults havebeen detected in a particular transformer.

In a first embodiment, a distribution transformer monitor includes ahousing arranged for positioning proximate to a distribution transformervessel that is filled with a non-conductive medium; a processing circuitarranged in the housing and configured to determine, from generateddigital data, that at least one environmental condition existing insidethe distribution transformer vessel has crossed a threshold; and asensor electrically coupled to the processing circuit, the sensorpositioned to generate at least some of the digital data associated withthe at least one environmental condition.

In some cases, the sensor of the first embodiment includes an infraredcamera sensor. In these and other cases, the housing is mechanicallycoupleable to the distribution transformer vessel in an orientation thataligns a field of view of the infrared camera sensor with a sidewallportion of the distribution transformer vessel that windows a fill levelof the non-conductive medium. Sometimes in the first embodiment, theprocessing circuit is further arranged to generate an alert based on adetermination that the at least one environmental condition has crossedthe threshold. In these and other cases, the at least one environmentalcondition includes a temperature, a pressure, an electrical voltage, oran electrical current; and these and still other cases, the distributiontransformer monitor includes a transceiver arranged to wirelesslycommunicate the alert to a remote computing device.

In some cases, the distribution transformer monitor of the firstembodiment includes a pressure sensor electrically coupled to theprocessing circuit, the pressure sensor arranged to generate pressuredata representative of a pressure inside the distribution transformervessel, wherein the generated digital data includes at least some of thepressure data. In some cases, the distribution transformer monitorincludes a Rogowski circuit electrically coupled to the processingcircuit, the Rogowski circuit arranged to generate electrical datarepresentative of at least one of an electrical voltage and anelectrical current inside the distribution transformer vessel, whereinthe generated digital data includes at least some of the electricaldata. And in some cases, the housing of the distribution transformermonitor is between about three inches long (3 in.) and about twenty-fourinches long (24 in.), the housing is between about two inches wide (2in.) and about eight inches wide (8 in.), and between about one inchtall (1 in.) and about eight inches tall (8 in.). Sometimes, the housingof the distribution transformer monitor of the first embodiment includesat least one indicator legend arranged to facilitate positioning of thehousing in a substantially vertical orientation relative to thedistribution transformer vessel.

In a second embodiment, a method comprises: collecting data with atleast one electronic sensor positioned outside of a distributiontransformer vessel, said distribution transformer vessel containing adistribution transformer that is immersed in a non-conductive medium andelectrically coupled to a high voltage line; receiving the collecteddata from the at least one electronic sensor at a processing devicearranged inside a housing of a distribution transformer monitor that ispositioned proximate to a distribution transformer vessel; monitoring,with the processing device, one or more environmental conditions presentinside the distribution transformer vessel, said one or moreenvironmental conditions being represented by at least some of thecollected data; based on the monitoring, asserting a warning signal whena first environmental condition has crossed a predetermined threshold;and communicating digital data to a remote computing device, the digitaldata including at least one digital data value drawn from the collecteddata and the warning signal.

In some cases of the second embodiment, the at least one electronicsensor includes at least one of an infrared camera sensor, a pressuresensor, and a Rogowski circuit. In these and other cases, the one ormore environmental conditions include a level of non-conductive mediuminside the distribution transformer vessel. And sometimes, the one ormore environmental conditions include at least one of a temperature, apressure, an electrical voltage, and an electrical current.

In some cases of the second embodiment, the method also comprises:processing, at the remote computing device, a plurality of sets ofdigital data received, respectively, from a plurality of distributiontransformer monitors; determining from the processing at least onepattern formed from data included in the plurality of sets of digitaldata; and identifying an impending maintenance condition in at least onedistribution transformer based on the at least pattern. In some cases ofthe second embodiment, the method also comprises: positioning thehousing of the distribution transformer monitor in a substantiallyvertical orientation relative to the distribution transformer vesselbased at least in part on an indicator legend formed on the housing.

In a third embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumincludes stored contents that configure a computing system to perform amethod, and the method comprises: receiving electronic data generated byat least one sensor located external and proximate to a distributiontransformer vessel, said distribution transformer vessel containing adistribution transformer that is immersed in a non-conductive medium andelectrically coupled to a high voltage line, said electronic data beinga representation of at least one condition inside the distributiontransformer vessel; comparing at least some of the received electronicdata to a predetermined threshold; and based on the comparing, assertingan alert indicating that at least some of the received electronic datahas crossed the predetermined threshold.

In some cases of the third embodiment, the method further comprises:wirelessly communicating the alert to a remote computing device.Sometimes, the electronic data includes data representing at least oneof a temperature, a pressure, an electrical voltage, and an electricalcurrent present inside the distribution transformer vessel. And in somecases, the method still further comprises: wirelessly communicating thealert to a remote computing device; receiving a plurality of electronicdata generated by a respective plurality of sensors located external andproximate to a respective plurality of distribution transformer vessels,each of said distribution transformer vessels containing a respectivedistribution transformer that is immersed in a respective non-conductivemedium and electrically coupled to a respective high voltage line, saidplurality of electronic data being a representation of at least onecondition inside the respective distribution transformer vessel;detecting at least one pattern in the plurality of received electronicdata; and identifying at least one impending maintenance condition in atleast one of the plurality of distribution transformers based on the atleast one pattern.

In a fourth embodiment, a monitor system for a distribution transformer,comprises: a processing circuit; a pressure sensor coupled to theprocessing circuit, the pressure sensor arranged to generate pressuredata representing a pressure inside a distribution transformer vessel; afirst camera coupled to the processing circuit, the first cameraarranged to generate infrared temperature data representing temperatureinformation inside the distribution transformer vessel; a thermometercoupled to the processing circuit, the thermometer arranged to generateambient temperature data representing ambient temperature informationoutside the distribution transformer vessel; a second camera coupled tothe processing circuit, the second camera arranged to generate digitalpicture information representing a state of a surge arrestor; an audiosensor coupled to the processing circuit, the audio sensor arranged tocapture audio information in proximity to the distribution transformer;an electrical parameter detection circuit coupled to the processingcircuit, the electrical parameter detection circuit arranged to generateelectrical state information representing at least one of a voltage, acurrent, and a power generated in the distribution transformer; at leastone accelerometer coupled to the processing circuit, the accelerometerarranged to generate physical status information associated with thedistribution transformer; a location determination circuit coupled tothe processing circuit, the location determination circuit arranged togenerate location information associated with the distributiontransformer; a transceiver coupled to the processing circuit; and amemory having processor circuit-executable instructions stored therein.In this embodiment, the processing circuit-executable instructions arearranged to cause the processing circuit to: generate a firstdetermination, based on the pressure data, whether a pressure thresholdhas been crossed; generate a second determination, based on the infraredtemperature data, whether a first temperature threshold has beencrossed; generate a third determination, based on the ambienttemperature data, whether a second temperature threshold has beencrossed; generate a fourth determination, based on the audioinformation, whether a surge arrestor has been utilized, exhausted,depleted, expended, consumed, deteriorated, or otherwise exercised;generate a fifth determination, based on the electrical stateinformation, whether an electrical threshold has been crossed; generatea sixth determination, based on the physical status information whetherthe distribution transformer has tilted beyond a first tilt threshold;and direct the transceiver to communicate an alert message in responseto at least one of the determinations, said alert message including thelocation information.

This Brief Summary has been provided to describe certain concepts in asimplified form that are further described in more detail in theDetailed Description. The Brief Summary does not limit the scope of theclaimed subject matter, but rather the words of the claims themselvesdetermine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with referenceto the following drawings, wherein like labels refer to like partsthroughout the various views unless otherwise specified. The sizes andrelative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawnto scale. For example, the shapes of various elements are selected,enlarged, and positioned to improve drawing legibility. The particularshapes of the elements as drawn have been selected for ease ofrecognition in the drawings. One or more embodiments are describedhereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a known distribution transformer bearing a known pressurerelief valve;

FIG. 1B is the pressure relief valve 40 of FIG. 1 with a handle 71affixed thereto;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a distributiontransformer monitor;

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a first portion of the firstdistribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2A mounted on adistribution transformer vessel;

FIG. 2C is a front facing view of the first portion of the firstdistribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2B;

FIG. 2D is another perspective view of a 2 ^(nd) portion of the firstdistribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a conventional pressure relief valve removed from adistribution transformer vessel;

FIG. 3B is a pressure conveyance adapter removably positioned in athrough-vessel aperture of a distribution transformer vessel;

FIG. 3C is the first distribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG.2A in the process of being mounted on the distribution transformervessel;

FIG. 3D is the first distribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG.2A positioned on the pressure conveyance adapter of FIG. 3B;

FIG. 3E is the first distribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG.2A removably secured via a locking collar to the distributiontransformer vessel and the pressure conveyance adapter is in the processof receiving a pressure relief valve;

FIG. 3F is a perspective view of the first distribution transformermonitor embodiment of FIG. 2A mounted on a distribution transformervessel;

FIG. 4 is a breakout view of the housing of the first distributiontransformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view the first distribution transformermonitor embodiment of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a pressure conveyance adapterembodiment;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a system distribution transformer monitors;

FIG. 8 is a data flow embodiment representing certain operations of adistribution transformer monitor system;

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a third distribution transformermonitor embodiment mounted on a distribution transformer vessel;

FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the third distribution transformermonitor embodiment of FIG. 9A in more detail;

FIG. 9C is a side view of the housing of the third embodiment of thedistribution transformer monitor of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9D is a front view of the housing of the third embodiment of thedistribution transformer monitor of FIG. 9A; and

FIG. 9E is a sectional view of the housing of the third embodiment ofthe distribution transformer monitor of FIG. 9A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference tothis detailed description and the accompanying figures. The terminologyused herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments onlyand is not limiting to the claims unless a court or accepted body ofcompetent jurisdiction determines that such terminology is limiting.Unless specifically defined herein, the terminology used herein is to begiven its traditional meaning as known in the relevant art.

The present disclosure generally relates to high-voltage distributiontransformers. In more detail, the present disclosure relates tomonitoring certain conditions associated with distribution transformer'svessel such as temperature, pressure, and a surge arrestor.

The present inventors have recognized that conventional distributiontransformers and their safety mechanisms have not changed in decades.Distribution transformers are generally deployed in one of only a fewdifferent ways. For example, distribution transformers may be aeriallymounted (e.g., on poles, buildings, or other structures), configured ator below ground level, configured in vaults, or arranged to operate atsome other location. Once deployed, these distribution transformers relyon a conventional pressure relief valve 40 (FIG. 1) and a conventionalsurge arrestor for safety. In view of this recognition, the inventorshave devised a new distribution transformer monitor. The device, method,and system embodiments of the new distribution transformer monitordescribed in this disclosure (i.e., the teachings of this disclosure)improve on the known protection schemes (e.g., pressure relief valves,surge arrestors) for distribution transformers.

In addition to known pressure relief valves and known surge arrestors,the inventive distribution transformer monitor embodiments describedherein are arranged to provide additional protections for distributiontransformers, living things, and property by monitoring any number ofparameters, conditions, and circumstances that exist or arise inside ofdistribution transformer vessels and in proximity to distributiontransformers. A non-limiting, and non-exhaustive list of parameters,conditions, and circumstances include monitoring in-vessel oiltemperature, in-vessel oil level, in-vessel air pressure, exterior airtemperature proximate to the distribution transformer vessel, electricalinput, output, or input and output parameters of the distributiontransformer, and certain parameters of a surge arrestor. Theseadditional protections may be further or alternatively provided bymonitoring other parameters, properties, conditions, and the like, andin at least some cases, additional protections may be provided byaggregating data from a plurality of distribution transformer monitors.In these cases, some or all of the aggregated data may be analyzed withan artificial intelligence engine to identify impending faultconditions, maintenance conditions, or other conditions.

In at least some cases, the monitor system embodiments described hereinalso include a perceptible user interface (e.g., a controllable pilotlight, a transceiver, an audio output, or the like) that permits groundcrews or others to verify, for example from ground level, that noreportable faults have been detected in a particular transformer. Inthese cases, the ground crew may determine that the distributiontransformer is operating normally. In these and in other embodiments, aperceptible user interface may further include a website or othernetwork accessible construct that permits a user to monitor, in realtime, the status of a plurality of distribution transformers. In such asystem, a computing server, which may be referred to as a cloud serveror other like device, may collect and process data communicated from theplurality of distribution transformers.

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosedembodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognizethat embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In otherinstances, well-known structures associated with computing systemsincluding client and server computing systems, as well as networks havenot been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuringdescriptions of the embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a distributiontransformer monitor 100 a. FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a firstportion of the first distribution transformer 100 a of FIG. 2A mountedon a distribution transformer vessel 110. FIG. 2C is a front facing viewof the first portion of the first distribution transformer monitor 100 aof FIG. 2B. FIG. 2D is another perspective view of a second portion ofthe first distribution transformer monitor 100 a embodiment of FIG. 2A.Collectively, any of FIGS. 2A-2D may be referred to herein as FIG. 2.Structures earlier identified are not repeated for brevity.

The first embodiment of a distribution transformer monitor 100 aincludes four identified portions. A first portion includes a housing102 a, a second portion includes signal conduction means 104 a, a thirdportion includes a securing means 106 a, and a fourth portion includesan operational testing means 108 a.

The housing 102 a of the distribution transformer monitor 100 a may beformed of any suitable shape or combination of shapes. For example, inat least some cases, the housing 102 a is between about four inches long(4 in.) and about fourteen inches long (14 in.), the housing 102 a isbetween about two inches wide (2 in.) and about seven inches wide (7in.), and between about one inch tall (1 in.) and about six inches tall(6 in.). Other dimensions are also contemplated. (e.g., FIG. 9E). Thehousing 102 a may include one or more chambers to contain any number ofelectronic circuits and sensors including a processing circuit or two ormore processing circuits working cooperatively, one or more cameras, oneor more audio circuits (e.g., microphone, piezo-sensor, speaker), one ormore accelerometer circuits, one or more temperature (e.g., thermometer)circuits, one or more current detection (e.g., Rogowski) circuits, oneor more location (e.g., global positioning system (GPS)) circuits, oneor more transceiver circuits (e.g., cellular-based, IEEE 802.11-based,LAN-based, optically-based, or any other suitable communicationsmedium), one or more human interface device (HID) circuits, and anyother suitable circuits.

The housing 102 a may be formed of any suitable material or combinationof materials. For example, the housing 102 a may be formed from any oneor more of a steel-based material, an aluminum-based material, an alloy,fiberglass, plastic resin material, a composite material, a glass-filledmaterial, a nylon material, a polycarbonate material, a heat stabilizingmaterial, a heat conductive material, an electrical insulator material,an ultraviolet (UV) radiation resistant material, or any other metallicand non-metallic materials. In at least some cases, the housing 102 a issubstantially formed from a material that is substantiallynon-conductive electrically. In at least some cases, the housing 102 ais formed from a material having an operating range that includes atleast 140 degrees Fahrenheit.

The housing 102 a may be internally coated, externally coated,internally and externally coated, or not coated at all. The coating, ifapplied, may be partial coating or a complete coating, and the coating,if applied, may be arranged as any suitable number of layers. Anycoating, if applied, may be a paint, a dye, a polymer, or some othersuitable material. The coating may be sprayed, anodized, sputtered,brushed, immersed, layered, baked-on, or formed from some other suitableprocess. In at least some cases, the coating may be arranged as aprotective barrier. In such cases, the coating may be a barrier toprotect against weather elements (e.g., low temperature such as below 32degrees Fahrenheit, high temperature such as above 90 degreesFahrenheit, wind, moisture such as by rain, humidity, fog, snow, and thelike), animal damage, insect damage, vandalism, and any other physicalassaults.

As discussed in the present disclosure, the housing 102 a is arranged tocontain a plurality of structures that monitor one or more features ofan associated distribution transformer.

The signal conduction means 104 a is formed in three identified sectionsof the distribution transformer monitor 100 a of FIG. 2A. Otherdistribution transformer monitor embodiments may have more or fewersections including, in some cases, a single flexible section that ispositioned to contact and follow one or more contours of the transformervessel. In some cases, a distribution transformer monitor embodiment maynot have any signal conduction means 104 a outside of the housing 102 a.

The signal conduction means 104 a may conduct power, control signals, orpower and control signals. The signal conduction means 104 a may haveone, two, or any number of separate and distinct conductors. Individualconductors of the signal conduction means 104 a may be formed of solidwire, stranded wire, or some other conduit. Some or all of theconductors of a signal conduction means 104 a may have the samestructure (e.g., stranded, solid, or the like), the same conductivematerial (e.g., copper, aluminum, or the like), the same insulativematerial (e.g., plastic, rubber, silicone, or the like), and the samedimensions (e.g., gauge, diameter, or the like). Some or all of theconductors of a signal conduction means 104 a may have differentstructure, conductive material, insulative material, dimensions, or anyother characteristics. In at least some cases, some portion of a signalconduction means 104 a may be formed with one or more transceiversarranged for wireless communications.

In at least some cases, the signal conduction means 104 a includes twoseparate and distinct conductors arranged to provide power into thehousing 102 a. In at least some of these cases and other cases, thesignal conduction means 104 a includes two other or additional separateand distinct conductors to carry signals that represent current flowingthrough a distribution transformer located in an associated distributiontransformer vessel.

A suitable signal conduction means 104 a may be any suitable length andany suitable shape. The signal conduction means 104 a of thedistribution transformer monitor 100 a is arranged to “wrap” around asubstantially cylindrical distribution transformer vessel having certaindimensions. In some cases, each signal conduction means 104 a isarranged with defined dimensions and shapes for a particulardistribution transformer vessel, and in other cases, signal conductionmeans are arranged with flexible dimensions and shapes suitable foradaptation to a plurality of distribution transformer vessels.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 a of FIG. 2A includes a singlesecuring means 106 a. In other cases, a distribution transformer monitormay have zero, two, or some other number of securing means 106 a. Thesecuring means is arranged to fixedly or removably couple one or morestructures such as a signal conduction means 104 a and an operationaltesting means 108 a to a distribution transformer vessel. The signalsecuring means 106 a in some cases is formed from a magnet or magneticmaterial. In these and other cases, a signal securing means may bearranged with a chemical adhesive (e.g., glue, epoxy, or the like), aclamp, a weld, screws, bolts, a shaped compartment, or any othersuitable bonding structure.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 a of FIG. 2A includes at leastone operational testing means 108 a. Other distribution transformermonitors may include some other number of operational testing means 108a. Still other distribution transformer monitors do not include anyoperational testing means 108 a. In some cases, the operational testingmeans 108 a includes a circuit to detect, measure, or otherwisedetermine the presence and in some cases the amount of electromagneticenergy associated with a distribution transformer. In at least one case,the operational testing means 108 a includes a Rogowski coil circuit.

In at least some cases, the same or similar materials and coatings usedor otherwise available to form the housing 102 a may also be used toform one or more protective structures about the signal conduction means104 a, the securing means 106 a, and the operational testing means 108a. Along these lines, the distribution transformer monitor 100 a may bearranged to resist environmental damage, nuisance damage (e.g., animals,insects, human vandalism), and the like. The distribution transformermonitor 100 a may further be arranged via color, shape, texture, and thelike to blend with a distribution transformer vessel environment andthereby be unobtrusive, un-noticeable, unremarkable, or otherwisedisguised. Conversely, the distribution transformer monitor 100 a may bearranged to stand out from an associated distribution transformer vesseland thereby be easily noticed, wherein such notice can signal anobserver that the distribution transformer is being monitored. FIG. 2Bis a perspective view of a first portion of the first distributiontransformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2A mounted on a distributiontransformer vessel 110. In particular, FIG. 2B shows the housing 102 aand a portion of the signal conduction means 104 a of the distributiontransformer monitor 100 a. The distribution transformer monitor 100 a inFIG. 2A is mounted to a distribution transformer vessel 110. In theembodiment of FIG. 2B, the housing 102 a is positioned about a pressureconveyance adapter (See FIG. 3; not shown in FIG. 2B), but other meansof mounting a distribution transformer monitor are also contemplated. Alocking collar 112 secures the housing 102 a of the distributiontransformer monitor 100 a to the distribution transformer vessel 110. Apressure relief valve 114 is rotatably positioned in the pressureconveyance adapter.

FIG. 2C is a front facing view of the first portion of the firstdistribution transformer monitor 100 a embodiment of FIG. 2B. Thehousing 102 a, signal conduction means 104 a, and distributiontransformer vessel 110 are identified. The pressure relief valve 114 isalso identified. Two distribution transformer insulators 116 areidentified, and a right-angle indicator legend 118 is indicated in FIG.2C. In some cases, the legend 118 is a virtual legend that is notvisible on the distribution transformer vessel. In other cases, theright-angle indicator legend 118 or some other such indicia is aregistration feature printed, etched, painted, molded, engraved,adhered, or otherwise present in or on the distribution transformervessel 110.

The right-angle indicator legend 118 may be useful, in at least somecases, to position the housing 102 a of the distribution transformermonitor 100 a in a substantially vertical orientation relative to thedistribution transformer vessel 110.

FIG. 2D is another perspective view of a second portion of the firstdistribution transformer monitor embodiment of FIG. 2A. In FIG. 2D, thedistribution transformer monitor 100 a is positioned in proximity to adistribution transformer vessel 110. The housing 102 a of thedistribution transformer monitor 100 a and the signal conduction means104 a of the distribution transformer monitor 100 a are identified. Thesecuring means 106 a and operational testing means 108 a are alsoidentified. The distribution transformer vessel 110 includes twodistribution transformer insulators 116.

FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate an embodiment of an installation procedure tomount a distribution transformer monitor 100 a onto a distributiontransformer vessel 110. In FIG. 3A, a conventional pressure relief valve114 has been removed from a distribution transformer vessel 110. In FIG.3B, a pressure conveyance adapter 120 has been removably positioned in athrough-vessel aperture 122 of a distribution transformer vessel 110. InFIG. 3C, a housing 102 a of the first distribution transformer monitor100 a embodiment of FIG. 2A is in the process of being mounted on thedistribution transformer vessel 110, and in FIG. 3D, the housing 102 ais positioned on the pressure conveyance adapter 120 embodiment of FIG.3B. In FIG. 3E, the housing 102 a of the first distribution transformermonitor 100 a embodiment of FIG. 2A is removably secured via a lockingcollar 124 to the distribution transformer vessel 110, and the pressureconveyance adapter 120 is in the process of receiving a pressure reliefvalve 114. FIG. 3F is a perspective view of the first distributiontransformer monitor 110A embodiment of FIG. 2A mounted on a distributiontransformer vessel 110. Collectively, any of FIGS. 3A-3F may be referredto herein as FIG. 3. Structures earlier identified are not repeated forbrevity.

FIG. 3A is a conventional pressure relief valve 114 removed from adistribution transformer vessel 110. The pressure relief valve 114 ofFIG. 3 is along the lines of the pressure relief valve 40 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B is a pressure conveyance adapter 120 removably positioned in athrough-vessel aperture 122 of a distribution transformer vessel 110.The pressure conveyance adapter 120 has a substantially cylindricalbarrel portion with a proximal end a distal end. An external surface ofthe proximal end of the barrel portion has integrated threads 126 (FIG.6) arranged to mate with the threaded aperture 122 (FIG. 6) in thedistribution transformer vessel 110. An external surface of the centralportion 136 of the barrel portion is arranged to receive the housing 102a of a distribution transformer monitor such as the distributiontransformer monitor 100 a embodiment of FIG. 2A. An internal surface ofthe distal end of the barrel portion 130 is threaded to rotatablyreceive a pressure relief valve 114, and an external surface of thedistal end of the barrel portion 128 is threaded to rotatably receive alocking collar 124 (FIG. 3D). To affix the pressure conveyance adapter120 into the through-vessel aperture 122, and to remove the pressureconveyance adapter 120 from the through-vessel aperture 122, the distalend of the pressure conveyance adapter 120, or some other portion, mayoptionally include a pressure conveyance adapter engagement means 132.The engagement means 132 may be one or more flattened surfaces, knurledsurfaces, shaped surfaces, or some other suitable feature to engage atool (e.g., a wrench, pliers, gloved fingers, or the like) that is usedto rotate (e.g., loosen, tighten) the pressure conveyance adapter 120.

The barrel portion of the pressure conveyance adapter 120 has at leastone through-barrel aperture 134 arranged to communicate a same level ofpressure present inside the distribution transformer vessel 110 throughthe pressure conveyance adapter 120. In at least some cases, as will bediscussed herein, a sensor is positioned proximate to the at least onethrough-barrel aperture 13 and arranged to generate digital data basedon a pressure internal to the distribution transformer vessel 110. Inother embodiments, an electronic pressure sensor is arranged to detect asame or otherwise representative level of pressure present within insidethe distribution transformer vessel 110 in a different way.

FIG. 3C is the distribution transformer monitor 110A embodiment of FIG.2A in the process of being mounted on the distribution transformervessel 110. The housing 102 a of the distribution transformer monitor110A has a sealable aperture 138. The pressure conveyance adapter 120has an external surface at its central portion 136, which is arranged toreceive the housing 102 a of the distribution transformer monitor 110Aat the sealable aperture 138. As explained in the present disclosure,after the housing 102 a is received by the pressure conveyance adapter120, the through-barrel aperture 134 is sealed from the outsideenvironment.

FIG. 3D is the housing 102 a of the first distribution transformermonitor 110A embodiment of FIG. 2A positioned on the pressure conveyanceadapter 120, and a locking collar 124 is in the process of beingapplied. Once applied, the locking collar 124 will bind the housing 102a to the distribution transformer vessel 110. The binding may bepermanent or temporary. The locking collar may be arranged as a nut, apin, an adhesive, a clamp, or any other suitable locking means.

FIG. 3E is the distribution transformer monitor 110A embodiment of FIG.2A removably secured via a locking collar (e.g., a locking nut) to adistribution transformer vessel 110. In FIG. 3E, the pressure conveyanceadapter 110 is in the process of receiving a pressure relief valve 114.The pressure relief valve 114 may be the same pressure relief valve 114as was removed in FIG. 3A. Alternatively, the pressure relief valve 114of FIGS. 3A and 3E may be different. In at least some cases, thethrough-vessel aperture 122 and the aperture in the distal end of thepressure conveyance adapter 120 may have a same thread pattern.Alternatively, the through-vessel aperture 122 and the aperture in thedistal end of the pressure conveyance adapter 120 may have a differentthread pattern.

FIG. 3F is a perspective view of the first distribution transformermonitor 110A embodiment of FIG. 2A mounted on a distribution transformervessel 110.

In one exemplary embodiment, FIG. 3 illustrates the removal of apressure relief valve 114, which is saved. In another act, a pressureconveyance adapter 120 is installed in the distribution transformervessel 110. The housing 102 a of the distribution transformer monitor110A is pressed or otherwise fitted onto pressure conveyance adapter120. A locking collar 124 (e.g., a nut) is screwed onto the pressureconveyance adapter 120, and the pressure relief valve 114 that wasremoved earlier is screwed into pressure conveyance adapter 120. Asignal conduction means (e.g., a wire harness) is routed, and remotesensors (e.g., a harness built with integral operational testing means108 a (e.g., Rogowski coil)) and securing means 106 a (e.g.,magnetic/adhesive anchors) are used to suitably attach the signalconduction means 104 a to the distribution transformer vessel 110.

FIG. 4 is a breakout view of the housing 102 a of the first distributiontransformer monitor 100 a embodiment of FIG. 2A. The housing 102 a isexpressly identified, and the sealable aperture 138 of the housing 102 ais expressly identified. When assembled, the housing contains severalstructures including an electronics module 140, an infrared image sensor142, a micro-electrical-mechanical-system (MEMS) based pressure sensor144, a first sealing means 146 a arranged as a pair of gaskets to sealthe sealable aperture 138, and a second sealing means 146 b arranged asa gasket to seal the electronics module 140 against any moisture thatmay otherwise ingress the housing 102 a after the monitor is bound to awall of the distribution transformer vessel 110.

Components arranged within one or more chambers of the housing 102 a inthe embodiment of FIG. 4 are exemplary. Other components arranged toperform similar functions in similar ways to achieve similar results maybe implemented in other embodiments. Accordingly, the circuitry,modules, elements, features, and other structures may be furtherunderstood in view of the description herein of FIG. 7.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the housing 102 a of the firstdistribution transformer monitor 110A embodiment of FIG. 2A. A pressurerelief valve 114 is removably coupled to a pressure conveyance adapter120. A sealable aperture 138 (FIG. 4) of the housing 102 a is engagedwith the external surface of the central portion of the pressureconveyance adapter 120. The locking collar 124 binds the housing 102 ato the distribution transformer vessel 110 in a substantially verticalorientation.

The distribution transformer vessel 110 is filled in a known way to adetermined level 152 with a known non-conductive medium 154 such as oil.The non-conductive medium 154 may be used to transfer or dissipate heatfrom a distribution transformer located in the distribution transformervessel 110. As is known, operational use of the distribution transformerwill produce heat, and the non-conductive medium 154 will transfer atleast some of the heat to the wall 110 a of the distribution transformervessel 110 where the heat energy may be further transferred through thewall 110 a of the distribution transformer vessel 110. An increase intemperature of the non-conductive medium 154 can cause an accumulationof pressure in the distribution transformer vessel 110. One reason forsuch an increase in temperature is a loss of some or all of thenon-conductive medium 154 from the distribution transformer vessel 110due to a leak. Another reason for such an increase is a high ambienttemperature outside of the distribution transformer vessel 110 thatprevents dissipation of heat. Still other reasons for an increase intemperature of the non-conductive medium 154 include a partial orcomplete failure of certain components of the distribution transformer,an operation of the distribution transformer in excess of certainoperating parameters (e.g., over-voltage, excess load, and the like),and a chemical breakdown of the non-conductive medium 154. One of skillin the art will recognize that the temperature of the non-conductivemedium 154 may increase for other reasons. If the temperature within thedistribution transformer vessel 110 is too high, the distributiontransformer or the distribution transformer vessel 110 may fail.

As evident in FIG. 5, a first sensor module is an infrared (IR) imagesensor 142. The module may include electronic circuitry (i.e.,hardware), operative software, or circuitry and operative software. Theinfrared image sensor 142 has an IR field of view cone 150 that isgenerally aimed at a portion of the wall of the distribution transformervessel 110. The IR field of view cone 150 is desirably formed to“window” the determined level 152 of the non-conductive medium 154 asevident in FIG. 5. Generally, the determined level 152 is not visiblefrom outside the distribution transformer vessel 110, but the determinedlevel 152 may be estimated based on a position of a “fill port” on thesidewall of the distribution transformer vessel 110 and a position of apressure relief valve on the sidewall of the distribution transformervessel 110. For example, in many cases, it is reasonably believed thatthe distribution transformer vessel 110 will be filled with thenon-conductive medium 154, via the fill port, to a level at or near theheight on the distribution transformer vessel 110 of the fill port.

It has been recognized by the inventors that an IR image sensor 142 maybe deployed to detect the determined level 152 of the non-conductivemedium 154 based on a difference in temperature of the non-conductivemedium 154 and the void or space 156 in the distribution transformervessel 110 that is above the non-conductive medium 154. The differenttemperature values are conducted through the wall 110 a of thedistribution transformer vessel 110 and detectable by the IR imagesensor 142. When the IR image sensor 142 is operated, a plurality of theenergy levels within the IR field of view cone 150 are captured. Thedifferent energy levels may be analyzed to identify the determined level152 of the non-conductive medium 154.

Any suitable algorithm may be used to analyze the IR image datagenerated by the IR image sensor 142. In some cases, for example, aspectra algorithm is applied. In other case, a black-and-white algorithmor iron algorithm is applied. In still other cases, a differentalgorithm may be applied. The algorithm may arrange or otherwiserepresent various points on the wall 110 a of the distributiontransformer vessel 110 as an array or “window.” Energy levels capturedat the points in the array or window are generated as digitalinformation that corresponds to point-by-point temperature values on thewall 110 a. In this way, a “map” of the various temperatures may be usedto identify the liquid/non-liquid boundary (e.g., the interface) at thesurface of the non-conductive medium 154.

In some cases, the determined level 152 is tracked over time.Temperature data readings may, for example, be captured and stored overseconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, or any suitablelength of time. In this way, the distribution temperature monitor 110Acan track the level of non-conductive medium 154 (e.g., a dielectric, anon-conductive oil, an insulating oil, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, afluorocarbon-based oil, a silicone-based compound, a pentaerythritoltetra fatty acid natural or synthetic ester, a nanofluid, or some otherinsulating gas or liquid or gel or solid that is inert and substantiallynon-conductive) in the distribution temperature vessel 110. If the levelcrosses a determined threshold, then action can be taken to generate analert, and the alert may be used to schedule further diagnosis, repair,or some other action for the distribution transformer.

In some cases, the determined level 152 of the non-conductive medium 154in a plurality of distribution transformer vessels 110 is tracked. Theinformation may be stored in a particular repository (e.g., a database).The accumulation of temperature data for a plurality of distributiontransformer vessels 110 may, for example, be used to adjust one or moredetermined thresholds monitored by the distribution temperature monitor110A. Such analysis can be used to more efficiently determine whenalerts are triggered, and such analysis can additionally oralternatively be used to determine what action is taken when certaindetermined thresholds are crossed. In this way, a plurality ofdistribution transformers can be maintained with an increased level ofservice (e.g., “up-time”) and an increased level of safety (e.g.,avoidance of a distribution transformer vessel explosion or othercatastrophic failure).

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a pressure conveyance adapter 120embodiment. The pressure conveyance adapter 120 is rotatably coupled toa through-vessel aperture 122. In FIG. 6, a wall 110 a of thedistribution transformer vessel 110 a is identified. The through-vesselaperture 122 is represented as a distinct structure adhered (e.g.,welded) to the wall 110 a, but such an aperture can be formed in anyother suitable way. Generally speaking, the through-vessel aperture 122will have a set of internal threads arranged in a standardizedconfiguration to receive a cooperatively standardized pressure reliefvalve 114. The proximate end of the pressure conveyance adapter 120includes a first standardized structure (e.g., set of external threads126) that is along the lines of the standardized structure on thepressure relief valve 114. The distal end of the pressure conveyanceadapter 120 includes a second standardized structure (e.g., set ofinternal threads 130) that is along the lines of the standardizedstructure in the through-vessel aperture 122.

Also in FIG. 6, a means of binding the housing 102 a to the distributiontransformer vessel 110 includes a first binding structure (e.g.,external threads 128 on the distal end of the through-vessel aperture122) and a second binding structure (e.g., locking collar 124).

As evident in FIG. 6, the housing 102 a includes a pressure cavity 148,sealed by a particular sealing means 146 a, which in this embodimentincludes two pressure sensor gaskets. After the housing 102 a is fitover the external surface of the central portion 136 of the pressureconveyance adapter 120, the pressure cavity 148 will equalize to thesame pressure as inside the distribution transformer vessel 110 via thethrough-barrel aperture 134. If a pressure sensor (not shown in FIG. 6)is positioned in the pressure cavity 148, a pressure inside thedistribution transformer vessel 110 can be determined.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a system 101 of distribution transformermonitors 100 b. The distribution transformer monitor system 101 includesa plurality of distribution transformer monitors 100 b, each of theplurality of monitors being arranged to monitor a respectivedistribution transformer.

The distribution transformers in the system 101 of FIG. 7 arerepresented as aerially mounted distribution transformers mounted to aplurality of power distribution poles, but other arrangements arecontemplated. In some cases, power distribution poles have two or moredistribution transformers, and in some other cases, power distributionpoles do not have any distribution transformers. Distributiontransformers mounted aerially, distribution transformers mounted atground level (e.g., mounted in ground-level vaults, mounted on platformsor pads of concrete or other materials, mounted behind fences, mountedin buildings, and the like), and subterranean distribution transformers(e.g., mounted in below ground-level vaults) are all contemplated.Distribution transformers submersed in any suitable dielectric-filledvessel are contemplated, and distribution transformers not mounted insuch vessels or mounted in vessels without a dielectric are alsocontemplated.

In FIG. 7, a first transformer vessel 110 is illustrated, and adistribution transformer monitor 100 b is illustrated in detail. Forconvenience, in FIG. 7, second and third transformer vessels 110 a, 110b are illustrated as mounted on respective power poles, which powerpoles are not expressly identified. In addition, each of the second andthird transformer vessels 110 a, 110 b has a distribution transformermonitor 100 b mounted thereon, but to avoid unnecessarily crowding FIG.7, these additional distribution transformer monitors 100 b are notidentified. Power lines (i.e., power distribution electricity conduits),distribution transformer mounting means, and other such structures areillustrated in FIG. 7, but not expressly identified either.

The distribution transformers contemplated in the present disclosure mayin some cases each weigh several hundred pounds. For this reason, astrong, reliable, safe mounting means (i.e., brackets, bolts, and thelike) will be employed, as known by ones of skill in the art, to securethe distribution transformer to its respective power pole. The presentinventors have recognized that due to such weight, the vibration, tilt,torque, substantially lateral pressure (e.g., wind pressure), and otherphysical forces on a power pole may contribute to a failure of thedistribution transformer and put people and property at risk if thedistribution transformer fails. Accordingly, at least some of thedistribution transformer monitors of the present disclosure may beoptionally arranged to monitor any one or more of such forces, and basedon the monitoring, at least some of the distribution transformermonitors may optionally direct that one or more corresponding actions betaken.

The distribution transformer monitor system 101 of FIG. 7 may includeany number of distribution transformer monitors arranged to monitor anynumber of corresponding distribution transformers (e.g., one, ten, onehundred, one thousand, ten thousand, or any other number), and thenumber of devices in the system 101 may change dynamically. That is, atany time, in real time, or at proscribed times, one or more newtransformers may be added to a functioning distribution transformermonitoring system 101, and the distribution transformer monitoringsystem 101 may stop monitoring distribution transformers that werepreviously monitored. In some cases, a same distribution transformer mayenter and exit the distribution transformer monitoring system 101 anynumber of times.

In the distribution transformer monitoring system 101 of FIG. 7, acomputing network 158 bidirectionally, unidirectionally, orbidirectionally and unidirectionally facilitates communications betweenany number of computing devices. In some cases, any number ofdistribution transformer monitors 100 b may communicate with any numberof other distribution transformer monitors 100 b. Communications withand between distribution transformer monitors 100 b may be peer-to-peer,broadcast, or via a central computing device such as a computing server160.

The computing server 160 includes one or more processors 162, memory164, and functional logic 166. The memory 164 may be arranged to storeprocessor-executable software, data, and any other information. Thefunctional logic 166, as understood by one of skill in the art, mayinclude circuitry, antennas and other communication components, physicalstructures, software, and still other logic to support the functions ofthe computing device that are implemented by the processor 162.Accordingly, the logic 166, in cooperation with the processor 162 andthe memory 164, may receive user and machine input, direct use andmachine output, and perform other expected computing functions as wouldbe known by those of skill in the art.

The computing server 160 may optionally include or cooperate with a datarepository 168 (e.g., a database). Data of any type received from anynumber of distribution transformer monitors 100 b may be stored in therepository 168, and data of any type that is stored in the repository168 may be communicated to any number of distribution transformermonitors 100 b. One of skill in the art will recognize that in at leastsome embodiments, the distribution transformer monitor system 101 ofFIG. 7 may be managed or otherwise arranged in a distributed computingenvironment, which may also be referred to as a cloud computing system,a server farm, or some other like term. By exploiting the distributedcomputing environment, data collected from a plurality of distributiontransformer monitors 100 b may be aggregated, parsed, mined, andotherwise combinatorially used to match patterns, form predictions,track environmental and other phenomena, and implement broad basedservices across a wide geographic area.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 b includes one or moreprocessors 162, memory and logic 165, sensor circuitry 170, userinterface circuitry 172, location determination circuitry 174, andcommunications circuitry 176. Other circuits and operational featuressuch as software are of course contemplated in the distributiontransformer monitors described herein, but such circuits and featuresare not described so as to avoid unnecessarily obfuscating one or moreof the circuits and features of focus in the corresponding figure.

The processor circuitry 162 of the distribution transformer monitor 100b may be along the lines of the processor 162 of computing server 160.

The memory and logic 165 includes memory arranged to storeprocessor-executable software arranged for execution by the processorcircuitry 162. The memory and logic 165 may also be arranged to storedata that controls the distribution transformer monitor 100 b (e.g.,initialization data, control parameters, and the like), and datagenerated by other modules of the distribution transformer monitor 100 b(e.g., sensor circuitry 170, user interface circuitry 172, and othermodules). In some cases, the memory and logic 165 implements otherfeatures of the distribution transformer monitor 100 b.

In at least one case, the memory and logic 165 implements an optionalidentity feature in the distribution transformer monitor 100 b. Theidentity feature may include electronic, mechanical, orelectromechanical switch circuitry, memory, a random number, a randomnumber generator, a system-wide unique identifier, a world-wide uniqueidentifier, or other such information. When combined with positioninformation from the location determination circuitry 174, thedistribution transformer monitor 100 b may be able to more accuratelyreport its identity and position to another computing device. Theidentity information can be used diagnostically and for other reasons.In at least some cases, identity information provided by an identityfeature in the memory and logic 165 is used as a network identifier forthe distribution transformer monitor 100 b. The identity information maybe arranged as a 32-bit number, a 64-bit number, another number having astructurally preferable bit-width, a combination of information thatfurther conveys information about the capabilities of the distributiontransformer monitor 100 b (e.g., date of deployment, year of deployment,hardware version number, software version number, geographic location,or other such information).

In at least one case, the memory and logic 165 implements an optionalsecurity feature in the distribution transformer monitor 100 b. Thesecurity feature may include one or more of an encryption engine, adecryption engine, a random number generator, a secure memory, aseparate processing device, and the like.

The sensor circuitry 170 of FIG. 7 may include any suitable sensors. Asevidenced via dashed and solid lines in FIG. 7, the sensor circuitry 170may include sensors that are partially or completely contained in ahousing (e.g., housings 102 a, 102 b in FIGS. 2-6 and FIG. 9,respectively). Additionally or alternatively, some or all of the sensorcircuitry may be arranged outside of a housing such as a voltage sensorcircuit, a current sensor circuit, a camera, a thermometer, and thelike. Some or all of the sensor circuitry 170 may be contained in asingle module such as electronics module 140 (FIG. 4). Some or all ofthe sensor circuitry may be arranged as discrete sensors such as aninfrared image sensor 142 (FIG. 4), a pressure sensor 144 (FIG. 4), andany other sensor utilize by the distribution transformer monitorsdescribed in the present disclosure. A non-limiting, non-exhaustive listof exemplary sensors represented by sensor circuity 170 includeaccelerometers (e.g., micro-electrical-mechanical sensors (MEMS)) of anynumber of axes (e.g., single-axis, two-axis, and three-axisaccelerometers), IR sensors (e.g., infrared source and infrareddetection circuits, object detection sensors, motion sensors, distancesensors, proximity sensors, and the like), IR image sensors (e.g.,thermal imaging camera), pressure sensors (e.g., pressure transducers),vibration sensors, thermometers, current and voltage sensors (e.g.,Rogowski circuits), humidity sensors, digital image sensors (e.g.,cameras to capture still images, cameras to capture video, and thelike), microphones, Hall effect sensors (.e.g., magnetic sensors,position sensors, and other sensors based on a Hall effect),magnetometers, load cells (e.g., weight measuring sensors), ultrasonicsensors, light sensors, and the like.

The sensors of the present disclosure may, for example, capture,generate, or otherwise provide data associated with a plurality ofproperties of the world. A non-limiting, non-exhaustive list of suchproperties include sensors that provide data associated with sound,vibration, material (i.e., liquid, solid, gas) flow, material (i.e.,liquid, solid, gas) presence, chemical properties, electricalproperties, environmental properties, climate properties, radiationproperties, optical properties, pressure, force, density, andtemperature.

In addition to their native functions, data generated by the sensorscontemplated in the present disclosure may be used to create geophones,hydrophones, seismometers, sound locators, airflow meters, positionsensors, wind speed meters, hurricane detectors, tornado detectors,oxygen meters, carbon dioxide meters, carbon monoxide detectors, naturalgas detectors, radiation detectors, torque sensors, flood detectionsensors, snow level gauges, tide gauges, ozone monitors, pollen levelsensors, gravimeters, and many other types of sensors and devices.

The user interface circuitry 172 may include one or more human interfacedevice (HID) circuits, one or more machine interface circuits, or stillother circuits. The user interface circuitry 172 may include, forexample, any one or more of keyboards, keypads, computer mice, touchscreens, button inputs, microphones, infrared sensors, bar code readers,transceivers, transducers, and the like. The user interface circuitry172 may alternatively or additionally include, for example, any one ormore of light sources (e.g., chips on board (COB) light emitting diodes(LEDs)), audio sources, video screens, vibrators, transceivers,transducers, and the like. As evidenced via dashed and solid lines inFIG. 7, the user interface circuitry 172 may include structures that arepartially or completely contained in a housing (e.g., housings 102 a,102 b in FIGS. 2-6 and FIG. 9, respectively). Additionally oralternatively, some or all of the user interface circuitry 172 may bearranged outside of a housing such as a button, a COB status light, aspeaker or other audio output device, a display, and the like.

In some embodiments, the user interface circuitry 172 may include alight source that encodes an output message. The light from the lightsource, when outputting an encoded message, may or may not be visible toa human observer. In some cases, a human observer is alerted to aproblem with a respective distribution transformer based on a visibleoutput of the light source. In other cases, a machine is alerted to aproblem based on a light source output that is not visible to a person.The encoded output may include any suitable information such as anidentifier of the distribution transformer monitor 100 b, a failurecode, or some other device status information.

The location determination circuitry 174 may include global positioningsystem (GPS) circuitry, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS)circuitry, BeiDou navigation satellite system circuitry, or some otherlocation determination circuitry. The location determination circuitry174 may be a self-contained module, or the location determinationcircuitry 174 may include antennas, amplifiers, transceivers, or othercomponents distributed elsewhere in the housing or external to thehousing. The location determination circuitry 174 permits thedistribution transformer monitor 100 b embodiment to accurately reportits position to another computing device such as the computing server160. In some cases, the position may be used to positively identify theparticular distribution transformer monitor 100 b embodiment anddistinguish data from the distribution transformer monitor 100 b fromother distribution transformer monitors. In some cases, the position maybe used to expressly direct service personnel to the site where thedistribution transformer monitor 100 b is installed. The positioninformation can be used diagnostically when a distribution transformeris determined to be failing, when a sensor crosses a particularthreshold or determines some other sensor information, and for otherreasons. The highly accurate time-base of the location determinationcircuitry 174 may also be used by the distribution transformer monitor100 b for weather data, almanac data, signal triangulation with otherdevices such as distribution transformer monitors, lighting controllers,motor vehicles, or some other device and for other purposes.

The communications circuitry 176 may include any suitable wired,wireless, or wired and wireless communication circuits. For example, insome cases, the communications circuitry 176 includes optical electroniccircuitry to communicate information via a fiber-optic cable. In somecases, the communications circuitry 176 includes network circuitry(e.g., Ethernet transceivers) to communicate via electrically conductivewire. In still other cases, the communications circuitry 176 includespowerline communications circuitry to communicate via a power line. Inthese or yet other embodiments, the communications circuitry 176 mayinclude a wireless transceiver module to provide wireless communicationcapability via WiFi, cellular communications, direct peer-to-peer RFcommunications, or via some other wireless communication protocol.

In some cases, for example, using functionality provided by thecommunications circuitry 176, the distribution transformer monitor 100 bis arranged to operate as a WiFi access point. In this way, thedistribution transformer monitor 100 b permits one or more mobiledevices to access the internet. Municipalities or other entities maymake internet services available over a determined geographic area(e.g., a neighborhood, a city, an arena, a construction site, a campus,or the like) to remote mobile devices that are in proximity to any oneof a plurality of distribution transformer monitors 100 b. For example,if many power poles in a neighborhood or city are equipped with adistribution transformer monitor 100 b, then WiFi service can beprovided to a large number of users. What's more, based on seamlesscommunication between a plurality of distribution transformer monitor100 b embodiments, the WiFi service can be configured as a mesh thatpermits users to perceive constant internet or other networkconnectivity even when the mobile device is in motion.

The distribution transformer vessel 110 of FIG. 7 includes a surgearrestor 178. Surge arrestor 178 may conform to a particular standardmaintained by a standards setting organization such as the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC), the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), the American Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE), or some other organization. Surge arrestor 178 mayconform to an exemplary, but not limiting, standard such as IEC 60099-4,ANSI/IEEEC62.11, or some other standard. In some cases, the standardssetting body may assign a “type” or “class” rating to particular surgearrestors, which rating may be used to distinguish a range of energyrequirements (i.e., operating parameters) of the device.

The surge arrestor 178 may be a Class 1 device (e.g., lightningarrestor), a Class 2 device (e.g., electrical fault arrestor), or adevice of some other class arranged to prevent damage caused by anelectromagnetic surge energy. Such surge arrestors may be arranged tohandle large voltages (e.g., 10,000 volts, 30,000 volts, 50,000 volts,or some other voltage including a voltage over 1,000,000 volts), verylarge currents, (e.g., 1000 amps, 5000 amps, 50,000 amps, 100,000 amps,or some other current), or very large voltages and currents. Such surgearrestors may be designed to handle large surges for a very short time(e.g. a few seconds, a few hundred milliseconds, a few milliseconds, orsome other time duration).

Typically, surge arrestors are coupled from a power carrying structure,such as a power line or a distribution transformer vessel, to earth(i.e., ground). In some cases, the coupling is direct, in other cases,the coupling may be indirect such as across an air gap. When anundesirable energy surge is present on the power carrying structure, thesurge arrestor diverts the energy surge signal to ground, which actionprevents, in at least most cases, the aberrant condition from damagingthe equipment that the surge arrestor is arranged to protect.

Surge arrestors of the types described in the present disclosure mayinclude resistor-capacitor circuits, Zener-type semiconductor circuits,or some other types of circuits. In at least some cases, such surgearrestors are formed using metal oxide varistor (MOV) structures (e.g.,structures having one or more sequential of zinc-oxide (ZnO)structures), silicon carbide structures, or structures formed of someother elemental composition. In at least some of these cases, surgearrestor 178 is a MOV device surge arrestor arranged as a stack of ZnOdiscs encased in an insulator such as silicon. In other cases, surgearrestor 178 is formed in a different way.

Surge arrestor 178 (e.g., a MOV surge arrestor) works, in at least someembodiments, by presenting a very high impedance at normal operatinglevels and a rapidly decreasing impedance as voltage increases. In thisway, normal and expected circuit signals are not affected at all by thesurge arrestor, and a surging charge is diverted to ground. The surgecondition may be caused by an atmospheric condition such as lightning, aresonance, a ferro-resonance, a system fault, a power line disconnectionor short circuit, or by some other condition.

In some cases, a given surge arrestor can repeatedly divert energy fortwo or more over-tolerance condition events (e.g., multiple lightningstrikes). In each of these cases, the equipment under protection remainsun-damaged during and after the over-tolerance condition event. In othercases, after repeated over-tolerance condition events (e.g., multiplelightning strikes), the surge arrestor will destruct. In still othercases, after a single, particularly high-energy over-tolerance conditionevent (e.g., a “massive” lightening strike), the surge arrestor willdestruct. In cases where the surge arrestor destructs, the equipmentunder protection may be spared (i.e., the surge arrestor has performedas designed and has not failed), but the surge arrestor may destruct andthen any subsequent over-tolerance condition will be communicatedthrough the equipment to be protected instead of around the equipment tobe protected. If the equipment to be protected is exposed to theover-tolerance condition, the equipment may fail. Failure of theequipment may cause damage to living things (e.g., people, animals,plants) and non-living things (e.g., buildings, vehicles, power poles,distribution transformers, and things). In some cases, the damage may beextreme such as when a lightning strike on a power pole causes adistribution transformer vessel to explode and start a massive forestfire.

Many distribution power transformer vessels 110 are equipped with surgearrestors 178. The surge arrestor 178 may include any one or more of aninsulator 116 portion, a surge arrestor MOV 182 portion, a surgearrestor support means 180, a ground path 184, and other structures thatare not shown in FIG. 7 but are known to one of skill in the art. Thestructures may be arranged in any suitable way. For example, the surgearrestor support means 180 may arrange to support the insulator 116, thesurge arrestor MOV 182 portion, and the ground path 184 in proximity tothe distribution transformer vessel 110 (e.g., within two inches, withinsix inches, within 10 inches, within 20 inches, or within some otherdistance). The surge arrestor support means 180 may include any one ormore of brackets, support arms, frames, welds, bolts, rods, posts,substructures, and any other suitable structures. The surge arrestorsupport means 180 in at least one case is permanently affixed to thedistribution transformer vessel, and other components of the surgearrestor 178 (e.g., an insulator 116, a surge arrestor MOV device 182, aground path, and other structures) may be permanently affixed,substantially permanently affixed, or removably affixed.

The inventors have recognized that a distribution monitor 100 b may beconfigured to detect, and in some cases also count, each time anover-tolerance condition event (e.g., a lightning strike) occurs. Inthese or other cases, the inventors have recognized that a distributionmonitor 100 b may be configurd to detect when a surge arrestor 178 or aportion of the surge arrestor 178 has been destructed or otherwisedamaged. More specifically, the inventors have recognized that one ormore sensors 170 may transmit, receive, generate, or otherwise deployone or more surge arrestor continuity signals 186. The surge arrestorcontinuity signals 186, alone or in combination with other signals, maybe used to count over-tolerance condition events, to determine if asurge arrestor 178 has destructed, or for some other purpose. Thearrestor continuity signals 186 may be or otherwise include infrared(IR) signals, audio signals, camera images, or some other type ofsignals.

FIG. 8 is a data flow embodiment 200 representing certain operations ofa distribution transformer monitor system such as the system 101 ofcomputing server 160 and distribution transformer monitors 100 b in FIG.7.

In the dataflow, processing begins in one or more distributiontransformer monitors 100 b at 202, and processing begins in a computingserver 160 at 252. Processing in the computing server 160 is ongoing.Processing in any one or more of the distribution transformer monitors100 b may begin and end dynamically, and processing in any one or moreof the distribution transformer monitors 100 b may be ongoing, periodic,scheduled, or performed a finite number of one or more times. Whileprocessing at a single distribution transformer monitor 100 b isdescribed, one of skill in the art will recognize that one or moredistribution transformer monitors 100 b may perform the acts of FIG.200, and while there may be synchronization (e.g., concurrentoperations, simultaneous operations, cooperative operations, or thelike) between multiple distribution transformer monitors 100 b, any suchsynchronization is optional, and no synchronization is required unlessotherwise expressly recited or indicated by the context of the relevantdescription.

At 204, the distribution transformer monitor 100 b performs any one ormore of initialization acts, calibration acts, self-testing acts, andself-reporting acts. The initialization, calibration, and self-testingacts may configure any number of sensors 170 to implement the teachingof the present disclosure. In some cases, any number of initialization,calibration, and self-testing acts are automatic, and in some cases, anynumber of initialization, calibration, and self-testing acts aremanually interactive or machine interactive. The initialization,calibration, and self-testing acts may be implemented or supported viathe user interface circuitry 172 location determination circuitry, andcommunications circuitry. The act of self-reporting may includeenabling, arranging, or otherwise configuring the distributiontransformer monitor 100 b to communicate information to a computingserver 160, a user device (e.g., a user computer, a mobile device, orthe like), another one or more distribution transformer monitors 100 b,or some other computing device. The information communicated may includesensor information, user command, control information, locationinformation (e.g., street address information, coordinate information(e.g., longitude, latitude, altitude, or the like), or some otherlocation information). Processing advances to 204.

At 206, the distribution transformer monitor 100 b collects data fromthe logic devices (e.g., circuits, software modules, and the like) ofthe distribution transformer monitor 100 b. Such collection acts mayinclude any number of acts with any number of sensors. In some cases,the sensor processing is sequential, and in these or other cases, thesensor processing concurrent, polled, scheduled, dynamic, or based onany other embedded design paradigm known to those of skill in the art.The data collected, which may include any distribution transformermonitor data taught in the present disclosure, or any derivative datathereof, may be communicated in full or in part to another computingdevice. In addition, the collection of such data may be performed viaany structures or acts expressly taught or otherwise evident from theteaching of the present disclosure. The data may be communicated to acomputing server 160, another distribution transformer monitor 100 b, amobile device, a user device, or some other computing device. Processingat 206 advances to 208.

In processing at 208, 210, 212, and 214, the distribution transformermonitor 100 b may collect further data, generate data, and perform anynumber of acts of processing to interrogate or otherwise analyzeinformation and determine one or more subsequent courses of action. Theprocessing at 208-214 may be performed in the order demonstrated in FIG.8, or the processing may be performed in some other order. Theprocessing at 208-214 may be performed in a multi-tasking operatingsystem, an interrupt-driven system, a polling system, a task-loop, or insome other computing architecture.

At 208, as taught in the present disclosure, data from one or moresensors, or data derived therefrom, is interrogated. If it is determinedthat the data has crossed a threshold, processing is advanced to 216.Alternatively, processing advances to 210. The data interrogated mayinclude temperature data (e.g., temperature data based on an oil levelin a distribution transformer vessel, ambient temperature information),vibration data, pole-tilt data, pressure data (e.g., pressure data basedon a pressure in a distribution transformer vessel), distributiontransformer energy data (e.g., charge, voltage, current, or some otherenergy data), time data, or any other data taught herein.

At 210, as taught in the present disclosure, a determination is madewhether or not a warning is received at the distribution transformermonitor 100 b. If a warning is received, processing is advanced to 216.Alternatively, processing advances to 212. The warning received mayinclude impending weather information or information associated with oneor more atmospheric conditions, impending electrical informationassociated with electrical infrastructure coupled to a proximaldistribution transformer, or some other information. The warninginformation may be received from another distribution transformermonitor 100 b, a computing server 160, a mobile device, or some othercomputing device.

At 212, as taught in the present disclosure, a determination is madewhether or not a surge arrestor 178 has been active. If a surge arrestorhas been active, processing is advanced to 216. Alternatively,processing advances to 214. The surge arrestor 178 may be active basedon an atmospheric condition (e.g., a lightning strike), a systemiccondition in the power grid (e.g., a power surge, a switching condition,or some other aberrant electrical activity), or some other condition.

At 214, as taught in the present disclosure, a determination is made asto whether any anomalies have been detected. If any anomalies have beendetected, processing advances to 216. Alternatively, processing returnsto 206.

At 216, any number of crossed thresholds, received warnings, surgearrestor events, and anomalies are processed. In some cases, theprocessing includes asserting an alert signal (e.g., a human interfacedevice (HID) audible or visual indicator, a wireless leak communicatedalert message, an alert message communicated via a wired means). Inthese and in other cases, the processing may also include transmittingdata to a computing device. The transmitted data may include any sensordata or data derived therefrom, location data, device identificationdata, and the like. The data may be communicated to another distributiontransformer monitor 100 b, a computing server 160, a mobile device, auser device, or some other computing device.

After processing at 216, processing may optionally continue and returnto 206 or and at 218.

Still referring to FIG. 8, processing and the computing server 160begins at 252 and advances to 254.

At 254, the computing server performs any number of initialization acts.The computing server 160 may receive data, create patterns, initializecommunication sessions with any number of distribution transformermonitors 100 b, initialize information for delivery via a web server,and perform any other actions.

In some cases, the computing server 160 is arranged with one or moreartificial intelligence processing engines (e.g., pattern matchingengine, machine vision engine, neural network, or the like). Theartificial intelligence processing engines may be arranged to detectpatterns such as conditions that lead to destruction of a surge arrestor(e.g., patterns of brightness, number of lightning strikes, audiopatterns that indicate a lightning strike, and the like). The artificialintelligence processing may additionally all or alternatively bearranged to detect other patterns such as patterns that indicate acondition leading to failure of the distribution transformer or thedistribution transformer vessel. Some patterns that may be detectedinclude voltage or current patterns generated by data from a Rogowskicircuit, temperature patterns that indicate a catastrophic distributiontransformer vessel failure such as an explosion, pressure patterns thatindicate a catastrophic distribution transformer vessel failure such asan explosion, and the like.

In some cases, training data may be used to initialize an artificialintelligence engine. The training data may be any useful training dataset. For example, the inventors have recognized that the distributiontransformer monitor system 101 as embodied, for example, in FIG. 7, maycollect data from a large number (dozens, hundreds, thousands) ofdistribution transformer monitors 100 b. The collected data may be fromdistribution transformer monitors in the same geographic area or fromwidely disparate geographic areas. Some or all of the data collectedfrom any number of distribution transformer monitors 100 b may be usedto improve the quality of the artificial intelligence engine. Based onthe collected data, patterns for any given distribution transformer ordistribution transformer vessel may be formed, and data received from aparticular distribution transformer monitor may be analyzed against theselected pattern. A determination can then be made by the computingserver 160 whether or not additional action should be taken. After datais received and any number of optional patterns are created, processingadvances to 256.

At 256, the computing server 160 receives data from any number ofdistribution transformer monitors 100 b. The data may be received on aschedule, periodically, based on a polling scheme, asynchronously, or inany other way. The computing server 160 may store the data in arepository 168 as the data is received. Additionally, or alternatively,the computing server 160 may process the received data and determinewhether or not the processed data will be stored in the repository 168.

In at least some optional cases, in processing at 256, the computingserver 160 may administer a data interface. A data interface may be orotherwise include, for example, any number of Internet-based webpages.In such a case, a user (e.g., a representative of a municipality, powerutility, distribution transformer maintenance, public safety entity) mayobserve the status of any one or more distribution transformers in realtime. In at least some optional cases, the user may send controlinformation to any one or more distribution transformers in real time.In at least some optional cases, the user may interrogate any one ormore distribution transformers for additional information in real time.The processing at 256 further includes optional data aggregation, datamining, data visualization, and other such suitable actions. Processingadvances to 258.

At 258, the computing server 160 will determine whether a problem hasbeen detected. One example of a problem is that a pattern indicatingthat a particular distribution transformer is in need of maintenance isdetected. Another example of a problem is that particular surge arrestor178 has received a determined number of over-tolerance condition eventsand the determined number exceeds a determined threshold. Yet additionalexamples of problems include detecting that a level of oil in aparticular distribution transformer vessel 110 has fallen below adetermined threshold (e.g., based on temperature information, based onpressure information, or based on some other information), detectingthat distribution transformer electrical parameters are out of adetermined tolerance (e.g., based on data from a Rogowski circuit),detecting that a power pole and its particular distribution transformervessel 110 have tilted past particular threshold, and detecting a levelof water at the base of a power pole (e.g., a flooding condition, astorm surge condition, or the like). The detection of other suchconditions as described in the teaching of the present disclosure arealso contemplated. If no problems are detected at 258, processingreturns to 256. If any problems are detected at 258, processing advancesto 260.

At 260, action is taken based on one or more discovered problems. Theaction may include communicating any number and format of alert (e.g.,directing an output of an audible or visible signal, directing thecommunication of one or more messages to one or more users via one ormore computing devices, directing the communication of one or moremessages via the Internet, directing the communication of one or moremessages via a wired or wireless telephone call, or directing some otheraction). Processing in at least some cases will optionally continue byadvancement back to 256. Optionally, in some other cases, processing maycomplete.

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a third distribution transformermonitor 100 c embodiment mounted on a distribution transformer vessel110. FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the third distribution transformermonitor 100 c embodiment of FIG. 9A in more detail. FIG. 9C is a sideview of the housing 102 c of the third distribution transformer monitor100 c embodiment of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9D is a front view of the housing 102c of the third distribution transformer monitor 100 c embodiment of FIG.9A. And FIG. 9E is a sectional view of the housing 102 c of the thirddistribution transformer monitor 100 c embodiment of FIG. 9A.Collectively, any of FIGS. 9A-9E may be referred to herein as FIG. 9.Structures earlier identified are not repeated for brevity.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 c is along the lines oftransformer monitors 100 a, 100 b. That is, in the present disclosure,each of three described distribution transformer monitors 100 a, 100 b,100 c share features in common. Accordingly, the discussion of any onedistribution transformer monitor is not limiting, and unless the contextdictates otherwise, any one distribution transformer monitor 100 a, 100b, 100 c may be substituted for any other distribution transformermonitor 100 a, 100 b, 100 c in the teaching set forth in the presentdisclosure.

In FIG. 9A, a distribution transformer vessel 110 is represented with 2distribution transformer insulators 116 and a distribution transformermonitor 100 c mounted on the distribution transformer vessel 110. Ahousing 102 c may be bound to the distribution transformer vessel 110via any suitable means. In some optional cases, the housing 102 cincludes one or more magnets, and adhesive, one or more brackets, orsome other means to bind the housing 102 c to the distributiontransformer vessel 110. Alternatively, or in addition, the housing 102 cmay be bound to the distribution transformer vessel 110 via a lockingcollar 112 attached to a pressure conveyance adapter that is furtherattached to the distribution transformer vessel 110. A pressure reliefvalve 114 is coupled to the pressure conveyance adapter.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 c includes a signal conductionmeans 104 c, which in this embodiment is arranged with a plurality ofmeans. A first signal conduction means 104 c is coupled to an outputconnector of the distribution transformer, and this first signalconduction means provides power to the distribution transformer monitor100 c, which has been tapped off of the distribution transformer output.A second signal conduction means 104 c is coupled to an electricalparameter monitoring circuit such as a Rogowski coil. The second signalconduction means 104 c may be arranged to conduct charge, voltage,current, or other electrical parameter signals back to the processingcircuitry of the distribution transformer monitor 100 c. A third signalconduction means 104 c may be in internal or external to the housing 102c. In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the third signal conduction means 104 cis external to the housing 102 c. The third signal conduction means isarranged to monitor status of the surge arrestor 178 based oninformation from at least one sensor 170. Sensors 170 that are arrangedto monitor the surge arrestor 178 may be infrared (IR) circuits, digitalimage circuits, audio circuits, pressure circuits, vibration circuits,or circuits based on some other technology.

The distribution transformer monitor 100 c is represented having atleast one portion of a user interface 172 exposed external to thehousing 102 c. In this embodiment, the externally exposed portion of theuser interface 172 is arranged to provide or otherwise direct thecommunication of an alert signal 188. The alert signal 188 may be avisible alert signal, an audible alert signal, a radiofrequency (RF)alert signal, a wired alert signal, or some other alert signal. In atleast some cases, the alert signal, when it is asserted, provides anindication to a user (e.g., maintenance worker, property owner, peoplein proximity to the distribution transformer) that a problem has beendetected by the distribution transformer monitor 100 c.

FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the second embodiment of thedistribution transformer monitor 100 c of FIG. 9A in more detail. InFIG. 9B, the housing 102 c is shown without any signal conduction means.Instead, a plurality of twist lock connectors 190 identified. The twistlock connectors 190 may provide strain relief, a seal to moisture andother contaminants, and an accessible means of cable access to one ormore interior chambers of the housing 102 c. In at least some cases, thetwist lock connectors 190 are water tight, and in these or in othercases, the twist lock connectors 190 provide strain relief to cablesthat pass through the connectors. The twist lock connectors 190 in atleast some cases expose a gland connector for 3-15 mm diameter cableresistant to foreign material ingress according to Ingress Protectionstandard IP67.

FIG. 9C is a side view of the housing 102 c of the second embodiment ofthe distribution transformer monitor 100 c of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9D is afront view of the housing 102 c of the second embodiment of thedistribution transformer monitor 100 c of FIG. 9. And FIG. 9E is asectional view of the housing 102 c of the second embodiment of thedistribution transformer monitor 100 c of FIG. 9A. As evident in FIG.9E, the housing 102 c is arranged to contain an electronics module 140c, which is along the lines of the electronics module 140 (FIG. 4). Thehousing 102 c may be arranged with particular physical properties 192.For example the housing 102 c may have a determined length 192 a, adetermined with 192 b, and a determined height 192 c. The housing mayfurther have any number of additional physical properties 192 such as aparticular weight, temperature rating, material of construction, sealrating, electrostatic charge dissipation rating, and other such physicalproperties.

Having now set forth certain embodiments, further clarification ofcertain terms used herein may be helpful to providing a more completeunderstanding of that which is considered inventive in the presentdisclosure.

Mobile network operators (MNOs) provide wireless cellular-based servicesin accordance with one or more cellular-based technologies, and inaccordance with one or more cellular telecom protocols. As used in thepresent disclosure, “cellular-based” should be interpreted in a broadsense to include any of the variety of technologies that implementwireless or mobile communications. Exemplary cellular-based systems andprotocols include, but are not limited to, time division multiple access(“TDMA”) systems, code division multiple access (“CDMA”) systems, andGlobal System for Mobile communications (“GSM”) systems. Some others ofthese technologies are conventionally referred to as UMTS, WCDMA, 4G,5G, and LTE. Still other cellular-based technologies are also known nowor will be known in the future. The underlying cellular-basedtechnologies and corresponding protocols are mentioned here for aclearer understanding of the present disclosure, but the inventiveaspects discussed herein are not limited to any particularcellular-based technology unless expressly stated as such.

A mobile device, or mobile computing device, as the terms are usedinterchangeably herein, is an electronic device provisioned by at leastone mobile network operator (MNO) to communicate data through the MNO'scellular-based network. The data may be voice data, short messageservice (SMS) data, electronic mail, world-wide web or other informationconventionally referred to as “internet traffic,” or any other type ofelectromagnetically communicable information. The data may be digitaldata or analog data. The data may be packetized or non-packetized. Thedata may be formed or passed at a particular priority level, or the datamay have no assigned priority level at all. A non-comprehensive,non-limiting list of mobile devices is provided to aid in understandingthe bounds of the term, “mobile device,” as used herein. Mobile devices(i.e., mobile computing devices) include cell phones, smart phones, flipphone, tablets, phablets, handheld computers, laptop computers,body-worn computers, and the like. Certain other electronic equipment inany form factor may also be referred to as a mobile device when thisequipment is provisioned for cellular-based communication on an MNO'scellular-based network. Examples of this other electronic equipmentinclude in-vehicle devices, medical devices, industrial equipment,retail sales equipment, wholesale sales equipment, utility monitoringequipment, and other such equipment used by private, public, government,and other entities.

Mobile devices further have a collection of input/output ports forpassing data over short distances to and from the mobile device. Forexample, serial ports, USB ports, WiFi ports, Bluetooth ports, IEEE 1394FireWire, and the like can communicatively couple the mobile device toother computing apparatuses.

Mobile devices have a battery or other power source, and they may or maynot have a display. In many mobile devices, a signal strength indicatoris prominently positioned on the display to provide networkcommunication connectivity information to the mobile device user.

A cellular transceiver is used to couple the mobile device to othercommunication devices through the cellular-based communication network.In some cases, software and data in a file system are communicatedbetween the mobile device and a computing server via the cellulartransceiver. That is, bidirectional communication between a mobiledevice and a computing server is facilitated by the cellulartransceiver. For example, a computing server may download a new orupdated version of software to the mobile device over the cellular-basedcommunication network. As another example, the mobile device maycommunicate any other data to the computing server over thecellular-based communication network.

Each mobile device client has electronic memory accessible by at leastone processing unit within the device. The memory is programmed withsoftware that directs the one or more processing units. Some of thesoftware modules in the memory control the operation of the mobiledevice with respect to generation, collection, and distribution or otheruse of data. In some cases, software directs the collection ofindividual datums, and in other cases, software directs the collectionof sets of data.

Software may include a fully executable software program, a simpleconfiguration data file, a link to additional directions, or anycombination of known software types. When the computing server updatesthe software of a mobile device, the update may be small or large. Forexample, in some cases, a computing server downloads a smallconfiguration data file to a mobile device as part of software, and inother cases, the computing server completely replaces all of the presentsoftware on the mobile device with a fresh version. In some cases,software, data, or software and data is encrypted, encoded, and/orotherwise compressed for reasons that include security, privacy, datatransfer speed, data cost, or the like.

Database structures, if any are present in the distribution transformermonitoring systems described herein, may be formed in a single databaseor multiple databases. In some cases, hardware or software storagerepositories are shared amongst various functions of the particularsystem or systems to which they are associated. A database may be formedas part of a local system or local area network. Alternatively, or inaddition, a database may be formed remotely, such as within adistributed “cloud” computing system, which would be accessible via awide area network or some other network.

Processing devices, which may also be referred to in the presentdisclosure as “processing circuits,” “processors,” or another like term,include central processing units (CPU's), microprocessors,microcontrollers (MCU), digital signal processors (DSP), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASIC), state machines, and the like. Oneor more processors working cooperatively may be referred to in thesingular (e.g., as a processor) without departing from the inventiveconcepts disclosed herein. Accordingly, a processor as described hereinincludes any device, system, or part thereof that controls at least oneoperation, and such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware,or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. Thefunctionality associated with any particular processor may becentralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. A processor mayinterchangeably refer to any type of electronic control circuitryconfigured to execute programmed software instructions. The programmedinstructions may be high-level software instructions, compiled softwareinstructions, assembly-language software instructions, object code,binary code, micro-code, or the like. The programmed instructions mayreside in internal or external memory or may be hard-coded as a statemachine or set of control signals. According to methods and devicesreferenced herein, one or more embodiments describe software executableby the processor or processing circuit, which when executed, carries outone or more of the method acts taught in the present disclosure.

The present application discusses several embodiments that include orotherwise cooperate with one or more computing devices. It is recognizedthat these computing devices are arranged to perform one or morealgorithms to implement various concepts taught herein. Each of saidalgorithms is understood to be a finite sequence of steps for solving alogical or mathematical problem or performing a task. Any or all of thealgorithms taught in the present disclosure may be demonstrated byformulas, flow charts, data flow diagrams, narratives in thespecification, and other such means as evident in the presentdisclosure. Along these lines, the structures to carry out thealgorithms disclosed herein include at least one processing deviceexecuting at least one software instruction retrieved from at least onememory device. The structures may, as the case may be, further includesuitable input circuits known to one of skill in the art (e.g.,keyboards, buttons, memory devices, communication circuits, touch screeninputs, and any other integrated and peripheral circuit inputs (e.g.,accelerometers, thermometers, light detection circuits and other suchsensors)), suitable output circuits known to one of skill in the art(e.g., displays, light sources, audio devices, tactile devices, controlsignals, switches, relays, and the like), and any additional circuits orother structures taught in the present disclosure. To this end, everyinvocation of means or step plus function elements in any of the claims,if so desired, will be expressly recited.

In some cases, the processor or processors described in the presentdisclosure, and additionally more or fewer circuits of the exemplarycomputing devices described in the present disclosure, may be providedin an integrated circuit. In some embodiments, all of the elements shownin the processors of the present figures (e.g., processors 162 of FIG.7) may be provided in an integrated circuit. In alternative embodiments,one or more of the arrangements depicted in the present figures may beprovided by two or more integrated circuits. Some embodiments may beimplemented by one or more dies. The one or more dies may be packaged inthe same or different packages. Some of the depicted components may beprovided outside of an integrated circuit or die.

The processors shown in the present figures and described herein may befixed at design time in terms of one or more of topology, maximumavailable bandwidth, maximum available operations per unit time, maximumparallel execution units, and other such parameters. Some embodiments ofthe processors may provide re-programmable functionality (e.g.,reconfiguration of embedded processor modules and features to implementan artificial intelligence engine as taught herein) at run-time. Some orall of the re-programmable functionality may be configured during one ormore initialization stages. Some or all of the re-programmablefunctionality may be configured, re-configured, or otherwise configuredin real time with no latency, maskable latency, or an acceptable levelof latency.

As known by one skilled in the art, a computing device, including amobile computing device, has one or more memories, and each memory maycomprise any combination of volatile and non-volatile computer-readablemedia for reading and writing. Volatile computer-readable mediaincludes, for example, random access memory (RAM). Non-volatilecomputer-readable media includes, for example, any one or more of readonly memory (ROM), magnetic media such as a hard-disk, an optical disk,a flash memory device, a CD-ROM, and the like. In some cases, aparticular memory is separated virtually or physically into separateareas, such as a first memory, a second memory, a third memory, etc. Inthese cases, it is understood that the different divisions of memory maybe in different devices or embodied in a single memory. Some or all ofthe stored contents of a memory may include software instructionsexecutable by a processor to carry out one or more particular acts.

In the present disclosure, memory may be used in one configuration oranother. The memory may be configured to store data. In the alternativeor in addition, the memory may be a non-transitory computer readablemedium (CRM) wherein the CRM is configured to store instructionsexecutable by a processor. The instructions may be stored individuallyor as groups of instructions in files. The files may include functions,services, libraries, and the like. The files may include one or morecomputer programs or may be part of a larger computer program.Alternatively, or in addition, each file may include data or othercomputational support material useful to carry out the computingfunctions of the systems, methods, and apparatus described in thepresent disclosure.

The computing devices illustrated herein may further include operativesoftware found in a conventional computing device such as an operatingsystem or task loop, software drivers to direct operations through I/Ocircuitry, networking circuitry, and other peripheral componentcircuitry. In addition, the computing devices may include operativeapplication software such as network software for communicating withother computing devices, database software for building and maintainingdatabases, and task management software where appropriate fordistributing the communication and/or operational workload amongstvarious processors. In some cases, the computing device is a singlehardware machine having at least some of the hardware and softwarelisted herein, and in other cases, the computing device is a networkedcollection of hardware and software machines working together in aserver farm to execute the functions of one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. Some aspects of the conventional hardware and softwareof the computing device are not shown in the figures for simplicity.

Amongst other things, at least certain ones of the exemplary computingdevices of the present disclosure (e.g., computing server 160 andcertain portions of the distribution transformer monitor 100 b in FIG.7) may be configured in any type of mobile or stationary computingdevice such as a remote cloud computer, a computing server, asmartphone, a tablet, a laptop computer, a wearable device (e.g.,eyeglasses, jacket, shirt, pants, socks, shoes, other clothing, hat,helmet, other headwear, wristwatch, bracelet, pendant, other jewelry),vehicle-mounted device (e.g., train, plane, helicopter, unmanned aerialvehicle, unmanned underwater vehicle, unmanned land-based vehicle,automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, scooter, hover-board, other personal orcommercial transportation device), industrial device (e.g., factoryrobotic device, home-use robotic device, retail robotic device,office-environment robotic device), or the like. Accordingly, thecomputing devices include other components and circuitry that is notillustrated, such as, for example, a display, a network interface,memory, one or more central processors, camera interfaces, audiointerfaces, and other input/output interfaces. In some cases, theexemplary computing devices may also be configured in a different typeof low-power device such as a mounted video camera, anInternet-of-Things (IoT) device, a multimedia device, a motion detectiondevice, an intruder detection device, a security device, a crowdmonitoring device, or some other device.

Input/output (I/O) circuitry and user interface (UI) modules includeserial ports, parallel ports, universal serial bus (USB) ports, IEEE802.11 transceivers and other transceivers compliant with protocolsadministered by one or more standard-setting bodies, displays,projectors, printers, keyboards, computer mice, microphones,micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) devices such as accelerometers, and thelike.

Buttons, keypads, computer mice, memory cards, serial ports, bio-sensorreaders, touch screens, and the like may individually or in cooperationbe useful to a user installing, maintaining, operating, overseeing,managing, or otherwise interested in the distribution transformermonitors of the present disclosure. The devices may, for example, inputcontrol information into the system. Displays, printers, memory cards,LED indicators, temperature sensors, audio devices (e.g., speakers,piezo device, etc.), vibrators, and the like are all useful to presentoutput information to users of the distribution transformer monitorstaught in the present disclosure. In some cases, the input and outputdevices are directly coupled to one or more processors 162 (FIG. 7) andelectronically coupled to a processor or other operative circuitry. Inother cases, the input and output devices pass information via one ormore communication ports (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, infrared, USB, etc.).

In at least one embodiment, devices such as the computing server 160 anddistribution transformer monitors 100 b may communicate with otherdevices via communication over a network. The network may involve an

Internet connection or some other type of local area network (LAN) orwide area network (WAN). Non-limiting examples of structures that enableor form parts of a network include, but are not limited to, an Ethernet,twisted pair Ethernet, digital subscriber loop (DSL) devices, wirelessLAN, Wi-Fi, 4G, LTE, 5G, or the like.

FIG. 8 is a data flow diagram 200 illustrating one or more non-limitingprocesses that may be used by embodiments of computing devices such asthe distribution transformer monitors 100 b deployed on a light pole,power pole, in a vault, or in some other setting. In this regard, eachdescribed process may represent a module, segment, or portion of code,which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing thespecified logical function(s). It should also be noted that in someimplementations, the functions noted in the process may occur in adifferent order, may include additional functions, may occurconcurrently, and/or may be omitted. The figures in the presentdisclosure illustrate portions of one or more non-limiting computingdevice embodiments such as one or more components of computing servers160 and one or more components of distribution transformer monitors 100b. The computing devices may include operative hardware found inconventional computing device apparatuses such as one or moreprocessors, volatile and non-volatile memory, serial and parallelinput/output (I/O) circuitry compliant with various standards andprotocols, wired and/or wireless networking circuitry (e.g., acommunications transceiver), one or more user interface (UI) modules,logic, and other electronic circuitry.

The present application discusses several embodiments that include orotherwise cooperate with one or more computing devices. It is recognizedthat these computing devices are arranged to perform one or morealgorithms to implement the inventive concepts taught herein. Each ofsaid algorithms is understood to be a finite sequence of steps forsolving a logical or mathematical problem or performing a task. Any orall of the algorithms taught in the present disclosure may bedemonstrated by formulas, flow charts, data flow diagrams, narratives inthe specification, and other such means as evident in the presentdisclosure. Along these lines, the structures to carry out thealgorithms disclosed herein include at least one processor executing atleast one software instruction retrieved from at least one memorydevice. The structures may, as the case may be, further include suitableinput circuits known to one of skill in the art (e.g., keyboards,buttons, memory devices, communication circuits, touch screen inputs,and any other integrated and peripheral circuit inputs (e.g.,accelerometers, thermometers, light detection circuits and other suchsensors)), suitable output circuits known to one of skill in the art(e.g., displays, light sources, audio devices, tactile devices, controlsignals, switches, relays, and the like), and any additional circuits orother structures taught in the present disclosure. To this end, everyinvocation of means or step plus function elements in any of the claims,if so desired, will be expressly recited.

As used in the present disclosure, the term “module” refers to anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, aprocessor and a memory operative to execute one or more software orfirmware programs, combinational logic circuitry, or other suitablecomponents (hardware, software, or hardware and software) that providethe functionality described with respect to the module.

The terms, “real-time” or “real time,” as used herein and in the claimsthat follow, are not intended to imply instantaneous processing,transmission, reception, or otherwise as the case may be. Instead, theterms, “real-time” and “real time” imply that the activity occurs overan acceptably short period of time (e.g., over a period of microsecondsor milliseconds), and that the activity may be performed on an ongoingbasis (e.g., recording and reporting the collection of utility gradepower metering data, recording and reporting IoT data, crowd controldata, anomalous action data, and the like). An example of an activitythat is not real-time is one that occurs over an extended period of time(e.g., hours or days)] or that occurs based on intervention or directionby a person or other activity.

In the absence of any specific clarification related to its express usein a particular context, where the terms “substantial” or “about” in anygrammatical form are used as modifiers in the present disclosure and anyappended claims (e.g., to modify a structure, a dimension, ameasurement, or some other characteristic), it is understood that thecharacteristic may vary by up to 30 percent. For example, a distributiontransformer monitor housing may be described as being mounted“substantially vertical,” In these cases, a device that is mountedexactly vertical is mounted along an “X” axis and a “Y” axis that isnormal (i.e., 90 degrees or at right angle) to a plane or line formed bya “Z” axis. Different from the exact precision of the term, “vertical,”and the use of “substantially” or “about” to modify the characteristicpermits a variance of the particular characteristic by up to 30 percent.As another example, a distribution transformer monitor housing having aparticular linear dimension of between about five (5) inches andfourteen (14) inches includes such devices in which the linear dimensionvaries by up to 30 percent. Accordingly, the particular linear dimensionof the distribution transformer monitor housing may be between 0.8inches and 18.2 inches.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lowerlimits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in thesmaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to anyspecifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated rangeincludes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both ofthose included limits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, a limitednumber of the exemplary methods and materials are described herein.

In the present disclosure, when an element (e.g., component, circuit,device, apparatus, structure, layer, material, or the like) is referredto as being “on,” “coupled to,” or “connected to” another element, theelements can be directly on, directly coupled to, or directly connectedto each other, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, whenan element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly coupled to,”or “directly connected to” another element, there are no interveningelements present.

The terms “include” and “comprise” as well as derivatives and variationsthereof, in all of their syntactic contexts, are to be construed withoutlimitation in an open, inclusive sense, (e.g., “including, but notlimited to”). The term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrases“associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivativesthereof, can be understood as meaning to include, be included within,interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with,couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave,juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a propertyof, or the like.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, suchas, “comprises” and “comprising,” are to be construed in an open,inclusive sense, e.g., “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” and variations thereof means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of thephrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

In the present disclosure, the terms first, second, etc., may be used todescribe various elements, however, these elements are not be limited bythese terms unless the context clearly requires such limitation. Theseterms are only used to distinguish one element from another. Forexample, a first machine could be termed a second machine, and,similarly, a second machine could be termed a first machine, withoutdeparting from the scope of the inventive concept.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the contentand context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that theconjunctive terms, “and” and “or” are generally employed in the broadestsense to include “and/or” unless the content and context clearlydictates inclusivity or exclusivity as the case may be. In addition, thecomposition of “and” and “or” when recited herein as “and/or” isintended to encompass an embodiment that includes all of the associateditems or ideas and one or more other alternative embodiments thatinclude fewer than all of the associated items or ideas.

In the present disclosure, conjunctive lists make use of a comma, whichmay be known as an Oxford comma, a Harvard comma, a serial comma, oranother like term. Such lists are intended to connect words, clauses orsentences such that the thing following the comma is also included inthe list.

As described herein, for simplicity, a user is in some case described inthe context of the male gender. For example, the terms “his,” “him,” andthe like may be used. It is understood that a user can be of any gender,and the terms “he,” “his,” and the like as used herein are to beinterpreted broadly inclusive of all known gender definitions.

As the context may require in this disclosure, except as the context maydictate otherwise, the singular shall mean the plural and vice versa;all pronouns shall mean and include the person, entity, firm orcorporation to which they relate; and the masculine shall mean thefeminine and vice versa.

When so arranged as described herein, each computing device may betransformed from a generic and unspecific computing device to acombination device comprising hardware and software configured for aspecific and particular purpose. When so arranged as described herein,to the extent that any of the inventive concepts described herein arefound by a body of competent adjudication to be subsumed in an abstractidea, the ordered combination of elements and limitations are expresslypresented to provide a requisite inventive concept by transforming theabstract idea into a tangible and concrete practical application of thatabstract idea.

The embodiments described herein use computerized technology to improvethe monitoring and safety of distribution transformers, but othertechniques and tools remain available to monitor distributiontransformers. Therefore, the claimed subject matter does not foreclosethe whole or even substantial distribution transformers monitoringtechnological area. The innovation described herein uses both new andknown building blocks combined in new and useful ways along with otherstructures and limitations to create something more than has heretoforebeen conventionally known. The embodiments improve on computing systemswhich, when un-programmed or differently programmed, cannot perform orprovide the specific distribution transformer monitor features claimedherein. The embodiments described in the present disclosure improve uponknown electrical device monitoring processes and techniques. Thecomputerized acts described in the embodiments herein are not purelyconventional and are not well understood. Instead, the acts are new tothe industry. Furthermore, the combination of acts as described inconjunction with the present embodiments provides new information,motivation, and business results that are not already present when theacts are considered separately. There is no prevailing, accepteddefinition for what constitutes an abstract idea. To the extent theconcepts discussed in the present disclosure may be considered abstract,the claims present significantly more tangible, practical, and concreteapplications of said allegedly abstract concepts. And said claims alsoimprove previously known computer-based systems that perform electricaldevice monitoring operations.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are forconvenience only and do not limit or interpret the scope or meaning ofthe embodiments.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, ifnecessary to employ concepts of the various patents, application andpublications to provide yet further embodiments.

In the embodiments of present disclosure, one or more particular sensorsare arranged to generate data associated with certain conditions thatexist in and around a distribution transformer. The various componentsand devices of the embodiments are interchangeably described herein as“coupled,” “connected,” “attached,” and the like. It is recognized thatonce assembled, the system is suitably sealed and suitably arranged todetect pressure in a distribution transformer vessel, to prevent oilfrom escaping a distribution transformer vessel, or to provide otherdetermined features. The materials and the junctions formed at the pointwhere two or more structures meet in the present embodiments are sealedor otherwise joined to a mechanically, electrically, or otherwiseindustrially acceptable level.

The distribution transformer monitoring systems described in the presentdisclosure provide several technical effects and advances to the fieldof electrical device monitoring.

Technical effects and benefits include the ability to improve thereliability and safety of the power grid by monitoring the internal andexternal operations of a distribution transformer in real time. Forexample, in at least one embodiment, sensors, such as infrared sensors,can be arranged outside of a distribution transformer vessel to monitorthe internal temperature of various portions of the vessel. Bymonitoring the internal temperature, it can be learned in real timewhether or not there is sufficient oil in a distribution transformervessel and thereby prevent an explosion of the distribution transformervessel if the oil level drops to low. In at least one embodiment, apressure sensor can be arranged to monitor the internal pressure of adistribution transformer vessel. Monitoring the internal pressure isenabled via a pressure conveyance adapter. In at least one embodiment,sensors, such as audio sensors or infrared sensors, can be arranged tomonitor operation of a surge arrestor. If the surge arrestor is usedbeyond a threshold number of times, and alert can be sent that indicatesa possible future failure of the surge arrestor. In addition, or in thealternative, if the continuity of a surge arrestor is determined to havebeen broken, and more urgent alert can be sent that indicates that animminent failure of the surge arrestor is possible.

The present disclosure sets forth details of various structuralembodiments that may be arranged to carry the teaching of the presentdisclosure. By taking advantage of the flexible circuitry, mechanicalstructures, computing architecture, and communications means describedherein, a number of exemplary devices and systems are now disclosed.

Example A-1 is a distribution transformer monitor, comprising a housingarranged for positioning in proximity to a distribution transformervessel; a sensor arranged in the housing, the sensor positioned togenerate digital data associated with at least one environmentalcondition that exists inside the distribution transformer vessel; and aprocessing circuit arranged to determine from the generated digital datathat the at least one environmental condition has crossed a threshold.

Example A-2 may include the subject matter of Example A-1, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is between about four inches long (4 in.) and about fourteeninches long (14 in.), the housing is between about two inches wide (2in.) and about seven inches wide (7 in.), and between about one inchtall (1 in.) and about six inches tall (6 in.).

Example A-3 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a glass-filled material.

Example A-4 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a nylon material.

Example A-5 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a polycarbonate material.

Example A-6 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a plastic resin material.

Example A-7 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from an aluminum-based material.

Example A-8 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a heat stabilizing material.

Example A-9 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a heat conductive material.

Example A-10 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from an electrical insulatormaterial.

Example A-11 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from an ultraviolet (UV) radiationresistant material.

Example A-12 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a material having an operatingrange of at least 140 degrees Fahrenheit.

Example A-13 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thehousing is formed, at least in part, from a heat-conductive material.

Example A-14 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-13, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the processing circuit includes one or more processing devicesworking cooperatively.

Example A-15 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-13, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise the distribution transformer vessel and at least onedistribution transformer arranged within the distribution transformervessel.

Example A-16 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-13, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the distribution transformer monitor is fixedly integrated withthe distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-17 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-13, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the distribution transformer monitor is removably integratedwith the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-18 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-13, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise at least one cable port arranged through the housing.

Example A-19 may include the subject matter of Example A-18, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one cable port includes at least one twist-lock connector arrangedto provide cable access to an interior chamber of the housing.

Example A-20 may include the subject matter of Example A-18, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one cable port is arranged to receive a power-bearing cable.

Example A-21 may include the subject matter of Example A-18, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one cable port is a gland connector.

Example A-22 may include the subject matter of Example A-21, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one gland connector is arranged to receive a cable having anoutside diameter of about two millimeters to about twenty millimeters(2-20 mm).

Example A-23 may include the subject matter of Example A-21, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one gland connector is arranged as a water-tight connector.

Example A-24 may include the subject matter of Example A-21, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one gland connector is arranged to provide strain relief to acable passing through the at least one gland connector.

Example A-25 may include the subject matter of Example A-21, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one gland connector is arranged according to Ingress Protectionstandard IP67.

Example A-26 may include the subject matter of Example A-21, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one gland connector is arranged according to Ingress Protectionstandard IP68.

Example A-27 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-26, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a plurality of cable ports arranged through thehousing.

Example A-28 may include the subject matter of Example A-27, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein a firstcable port of the plurality of cable ports is arranged to receive apower bearing cable and a second cable port of he plurality of cableports is arranged to receive at least one of a camera informationbearing cable, an infrared energy information bearing cable, and acurrent information bearing cable.

Example A-29 may include the subject matter of Example A-28, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein a thirdcable port of the plurality of cable ports is arranged to receive atleast another one of the camera information bearing cable and thecurrent information bearing cable.

Example A-30 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-29, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the housing includes at least one right-angle indicator legendarranged to position the housing in a substantially vertical orientationrelative to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-31 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-30, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a pressure conveyance adapter, the pressure conveyanceadapter having a substantially cylindrical barrel portion with aproximal end, a distal end, and a central portion, wherein an externalsurface of the proximal end of the barrel portion has integrated threadsarranged to mate with a threaded aperture in the distributiontransformer vessel, wherein an external surface of the distal end of thebarrel portion is arranged to receive the housing, wherein an internalsurface of the distal end of the barrel portion is threaded to rotatablyreceive a pressure relief valve, and wherein the barrel portion has atleast one through-barrel aperture arranged to communicate a same levelof pressure present inside the distribution transformer vessel throughthe pressure conveyance adapter.

Example A-32 may include the subject matter of Example A-31, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesensor is positioned proximate to the at least one through-barrelaperture and arranged to generate the digital data based on thecommunicated same level of pressure.

Example A-33 may include the subject matter of Example A-31, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a locking collar, the locking collar arranged to bind thehousing to distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-34 may include the subject matter of Example A-31, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a sealing mechanism arranged to seal the at least onethrough-barrel aperture from an outside atmosphere when the housing isbound to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-35 may include the subject matter of Example A-34, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesealing mechanism includes at least one gasket and at least one sealingchannel arranged to receive the at least one gasket, said at least onegasket in sealed communication with the pressure conveyance adapter andthe housing when the housing is bound to the distribution transformervessel.

Example A-36 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-35, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the sensor is a pressure transducer, wherein the environmentalcondition is a pressure inside the distribution transformer vessel, andwherein the generated digital data represents the pressure.

Example A-37 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-36, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a pressure conveyance adapter arranged to convey apressure inside the distribution transformer vessel to a pressure reliefvalve and further arranged to expose the pressure inside thedistribution transformer vessel to the sensor.

Example A-38 may include the subject matter of Example A-37, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein threadsin the threaded aperture have a same pattern as threads on the internalsurface of the distal end of the barrel portion.

Example A-39 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-38, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the sensor is a pressure sensor.

Example A-40 may include the subject matter of Example A-39, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thepressure sensor is a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor.

Example A-41 may include the subject matter of Example A-39, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thepressure sensor is configurable to detect pressure above a predeterminedvalue.

Example A-42 may include the subject matter of Example A-39, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thepressure sensor is arranged to detect a pressure greater than about twopounds per square inch (2 PSI).

Example A-43 may include the subject matter of Example A-39, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thepressure sensor is arranged to detect a pressure greater than about tenpounds per square inch (10 PSI).

Example A-44 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-43, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the sensor is a camera, and wherein the generated digital dataincludes one or more digital images of at least a portion of a wall ofthe distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-45 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-44, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the sensor is a thermal imaging camera, and wherein thegenerated digital data indicates, based on temperature, how muchradiation is being emitted from at least the portion of the wall of thedistribution transformer vessel.

Example A-46 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theportion of the wall includes at least at portion of at least two (2)vertical inches of the wall.

Example A-47 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theportion of the wall includes at least at portion of at least six (6)vertical inches of the wall.

Example A-48 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theportion of the wall includes at least at portion of at least twelve (12)vertical inches of the wall.

Example A-49 may include the subject matter of Example A-44, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecamera is an infrared camera.

Example A-50 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein aspectral analysis of the generated digital data is performed todetermine one or more temperatures of at least the portion of the wallof the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-51 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera has a field of view of at least 90 degrees.

Example A-52 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is positioned at least about one inch (1 in.)from the wall of the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-53 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is positioned at least about one and one quarterinch (1.25 in.) from the wall of the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-54 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is positioned at least about two inches (2 in.)from the wall of the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-55 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is arranged to monitor at least about two inches(2 in.) of change in oil level within the distribution transformervessel.

Example A-56 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is arranged to monitor at least about six inches(6 in.) of change in oil level within the distribution transformervessel.

Example A-57 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is arranged to monitor at least about ten inches(10 in.) of change in oil level within the distribution transformervessel.

Example A-58 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein adistance of the thermal imaging camera to at least the portion of thewall of the distribution transformer vessel is adjustable.

Example A-59 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is arranged to monitor an adjustable distance ofoil level within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-60 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is mounted in a mechanically adjustable base.

Example A-61 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is mounted in an electromechanically adjustablebase.

Example A-62 may include the subject matter of Example A-45, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thethermal imaging camera is mounted in an electrically adjustable base.

Example A-62 may include the subject matter of Example A-44, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecamera is an infrared camera, and wherein the at least one environmentalcondition is a temperature within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-63 may include the subject matter of Example A-62, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theprocessing circuit is further arranged to determine, based on thetemperature, that an oil level within the distribution transformervessel has dropped below a determined oil level threshold.

Example A-64 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-63, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperature of oilwithin the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-65 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-64, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperature of agas within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-66 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-65, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is an oil level withinthe distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-67 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-66, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the threshold is value representing a threshold temperaturegreater than about 180 degrees Fahrenheit.

Example A-68 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-67, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a camera positioned to detect a status of a surgearrestor, the surge arrestor arranged to protect a distributiontransformer within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-69 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecamera is arranged to capture digital image data representing a currentstate of the surge arrestor, and wherein the processing circuit isfurther arranged to compare the captured digital image data withpreviously captured digital image data representing a previous state ofthe surge arrestor.

Example A-70 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theprocessing circuit is arranged to automatically detect a misalignment ofthe camera.

Example A-71 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecamera is a thermal imaging camera.

Example A-72 may include the subject matter of Example A-71, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theprocessing circuit is further arranged to detect a utilization of thesurge arrestor based on temperature data captured by the camera.

Example A-73 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesurge arrestor is a metal oxide varistor.

Example A-74 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecamera is arranged to capture a stream of digital image data.

Example A-75 may include the subject matter of Example A-68, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a mounting mechanism for the camera.

Example A-76 may include the subject matter of Example A-75, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism includes at least one magnet arranged to mechanicallycouple the camera to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-77 may include the subject matter of Example A-75, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism is arranged to provide the camera with a line ofsight view of the surge arrestor.

Example A-78 may include the subject matter of Example A-75, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a camera information bearing cable arranged to communicate thecamera information to the processing circuit.

Example A-79 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-78, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a microphone circuit positioned to detect a gunshotaudio pattern emanating from a surge arrestor electrically coupled to adistribution transformer within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-80 may include the subject matter of Example A-79, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesurge arrestor is a metal oxide varistor, an air gap device, or a gastube device.

Example A-81 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-78, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a microphone circuit positioned to detect a status of asurge arrestor, the surge arrestor arranged to protect a distributiontransformer within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-82 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themicrophone is arranged to capture digital audio data representing acurrent state of the surge arrestor, and wherein the processing circuitis further arranged to compare the captured digital audio data withpreviously captured digital audio data representing a previous state ofthe surge arrestor.

Example A-83 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themicrophone is arranged to capture digital audio data proximate the surgearrestor, and wherein the processing circuit is further arranged todetermine that the captured digital audio data matches a pattern of ahigh current passing through the surge arrestor.

Example A-84 may include the subject matter of Example A-83, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the highcurrent condition indicates a lightning strike proximate thedistribution transformer vessel.

Example A-85 may include the subject matter of Example A-83, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the highcurrent condition indicates a switching surge, transient, noise,incorrect electrical connection, static electricity discharge, powersurge, or power spike.

Example A-86 may include the subject matter of Example A-83, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesurge arrestor is an air gap surge arrestor or a gas tube surgearrestor.

Example A-87 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themicrophone is arranged to capture digital audio data representing acurrent state of the surge arrestor, and wherein the processing circuitis further arranged to execute a gunshot detection algorithm, saidgunshot detection algorithm arranged to detect a lightning strikeproximate the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-88 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesurge arrestor is a metal oxide varistor.

Example A-89 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themicrophone circuit is arranged to capture a stream of digital audiodata, and wherein the processing circuit is arranged to determine adeterioration in effectiveness of the surge arrestor.

Example A-90 may include the subject matter of Example A-81, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, furthercomprising a mounting mechanism for the microphone circuit.

Example A-91 may include the subject matter of Example A-90, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism includes at least one magnet arranged to mechanicallycouple the microphone circuit to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-92 may include the subject matter of Example A-90, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism is arranged to position the microphone circuit withinaudio proximity of the surge arrestor.

Example A-93 may include the subject matter of Example A-90, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise an audio information bearing cable arranged to communicate theaudio information to the processing circuit.

Example A-94 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-93, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a temperature sensor circuit positioned to detect anambient temperature proximate to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-95 may include the subject matter of Example A-94, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thetemperature sensor circuit is arranged to generate temperatureinformation, and wherein the processing circuit is arranged toalgorithmically determine at least one temperature inside thedistribution transformer vessel based at least in part on thetemperature information.

Example A-96 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-95, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a Rogowski coil circuit positioned to generate currentinformation representing at least one current sourced from a secondarywinding of a distribution transformer within the distributiontransformer vessel.

Example A-97 may include the subject matter of Example A-96, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theprocessing circuit is further arranged to determine that the at leastone current has crossed a determined current threshold.

Example A-98 may include the subject matter of Example A-97, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thedetermined current threshold is a determined minimum current.

Example A-99 may include the subject matter of Example A-97, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thedetermined current threshold is a determined maximum current.

Example A-100 may include the subject matter of Example A-96, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein at leasta portion of the Rogowski coil circuit is arranged in a sub-assembly,the sub-assembly remotely coupled to the housing.

Example A-101 may include the subject matter of Example A-96, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a mounting mechanism arranged to couple the Rogowski coilcircuit to the housing.

Example A-102 may include the subject matter of Example A-101, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism includes at least one magnet.

Example A-103 may include the subject matter of Example A-101, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein themounting mechanism includes at least one wiring harness.

Example A-104 may include the subject matter of Example A-96, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein aprimary winding of the distribution transformer is arranged to receivepower supplied at 120 VAC, 208 VAC, 220 VAC, 240 VAC, 260 VAC, 277 VAC,360 VAC, 415 VAC, 480 VAC, or 600 VAC.

Example A-105 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-104, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the sensor is an accelerometer, and wherein the at least oneenvironmental condition is a directional orientation of the distributiontransformer vessel.

Example A-106 may include the subject matter of Example A-105, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesensor is an accelerometer, and wherein the at least one environmentalcondition is a directional orientation of the housing.

Example A-107 may include the subject matter of Example A-105, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesensor is an accelerometer, and wherein the at least one environmentalcondition is a vibration of the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-108 may include the subject matter of Example A-107, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theaccelerometer is a microelectromechanical sensor (MEMS) basedaccelerometer.

Example A-109 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-108, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a location determination circuit, the locationdetermination circuit arranged to provide geographic informationrepresent a geographic location of the housing.

Example A-110 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thegeographic information is unique geographic information in the world.

Example A-111 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thegeographic information is unique amongst a system that comprises adetermined plurality of distribution transformer monitors.

Example A-112 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thegeographic information is a system-wide unique identifier.

Example A-113 may include the subject matter of Example A-112, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesystem-wide unique identifier is an alphabetic identifier, a numericalidentifier, or an alphanumeric identifier.

Example A-114 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thelocation determination circuit includes a global positioning system(GPS) device.

Example A-115 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thelocation determination circuit includes a BeiDou navigation systemdevice.

Example A-116 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thelocation determination circuit includes a global navigation satellitesystem (GLONASS) device.

Example A-117 may include the subject matter of Example A-109, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thelocation determination circuit includes a memory arranged to store adevice identifier.

Example A-118 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-117, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a transceiver, the transceiver arranged to communicatedistribution transformer status information to at least one remotecomputing device.

Example A-119 may include the subject matter of Example A-118, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thetransceiver is a wireless transceiver.

Example A-120 may include the subject matter of Example A-119, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thewireless transceiver is arranged to operate according to at least onecellular-based protocol.

Example A-121 may include the subject matter of Example A-119, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thewireless transceiver is arranged to operate according to at least IEEE802.11 (WiFi) protocol.

Example A-122 may include the subject matter of Example A-119, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thewireless transceiver is arranged to operate according to at least oneBLUETOOTH protocol.

Example A-123 may include the subject matter of Example A-118, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thetransceiver is a wired transceiver.

Example A-124 may include the subject matter of Example A-123, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thewired transceiver is arranged to operate according to at least oneEthernet protocol.

Example A-125 may include the subject matter of Example A-123, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thewired transceiver is arranged to operate according to at least onepowerline communications (PLC) protocol.

Example A-126 may include the subject matter of Example A-118, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thedistribution transformer status information is encrypted prior tocommunication.

Example A-127 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-126, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a human interface device (HID) circuit coupled to theprocessing circuit, the HID circuit arranged to communicate statusinformation generated by the distribution transformer monitor.

Example A-128 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes at least one visual indicator.

Example A-129 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes a pilot light circuit, the pilot light circuitincluding at least one light source.

Example A-130 may include the subject matter of Example A-129, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thelight source includes at least one light emitting diode (LED).

Example A-131 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes at least one device arranged to produce videoinformation.

Example A-132 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes at least one device arranged to project videoinformation.

Example A-133 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes at least one audio indicator.

Example A-134 may include the subject matter of Example A-127, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein a humanperceptible intensity of the status information is adjustable.

Example A-135 may include the subject matter of Example A-134, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the HIDcircuit includes at least one light emitting diode (LED), and whereinthe human perceptible intensity includes a brightness of the LED.

Example A-136 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-135, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise a remote computing device arranged to receive statusinformation generated by the distribution transformer monitor.

Example A-137 may include the subject matter of Example A-136, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, and furthercomprise a remote computing device, the remote computing device arrangedto monitor status information from a plurality of distributiontransformer monitors.

Example A-138 may include the subject matter of Example A-137, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theremote computing device is arranged to implement at least one patternmatching algorithm.

Example A-139 may include the subject matter of Example A-138, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one pattern matching algorithm is arranged to identify a lightningstrike in proximity to a certain distribution transformer vessel basedon audio information collected from at least some of the plurality ofdistribution transformer monitors.

Example A-140 may include the subject matter of Example A-138, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one pattern matching algorithm is arranged to identify a lightningstrike in proximity to a certain distribution transformer vessel basedon video information collected from at least some of the plurality ofdistribution transformer monitors.

Example A-141 may include the subject matter of Example A-138, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one pattern matching algorithm is arranged to identify a lightningstrike in proximity to a certain distribution transformer vessel basedon temperature information collected from at least some of the pluralityof distribution transformer monitors.

Example A-142 may include the subject matter of Example A-138, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the atleast one pattern matching algorithm is arranged to identify a lightningstrike in proximity to a certain distribution transformer vessel basedon infrared information collected from at least some of the plurality ofdistribution transformer monitors.

Example A-143 may include the subject matter of Example A-137, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein at leastsome of the status information is presentable via an Internet-accessiblecomputing server.

Example A-144 may include the subject matter of Example A-143, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein theInternet-accessible computing server is configured as a web server.

Example A-145 may include the subject matter of Example A-137, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein at leastsome of the status information is receivable via at least one web pageserved from an Internet-connected computing server communicativelycoupled to the remote computing device.

Example A-146 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-145, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is pressure within thedistribution transformer vessel.

Example A-147 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-146, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a gaseous pressurewithin the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-148 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-147, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a liquid pressurewithin the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-149 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-148, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperature withinthe distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-150 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-149, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperatureexternal and proximal to the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-151 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-150, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperature of oilwithin the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-152 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-151, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the at least one environmental condition is a temperature of agas within the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-153 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-152, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the threshold is greater than two pounds per square inch (2PSI).

Example A-154 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-153, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the threshold is greater than five pounds per square inch (5PSI).

Example A-155 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-154, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, andfurther comprise: a substantially cylindrical insert having outsidethreads arranged to rotatably cooperate with a threaded aperture in thedistribution transformer vessel.

Example A-156 may include the subject matter of Example A-155, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesubstantially cylindrical insert has a second set of outside threadsarranged to receive a threaded binding structure, the threaded bindingstructure arranged to secure the housing.

Example A-157 may include the subject matter of Example A-156, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thesubstantially threaded cylindrical insert has a set of inside threadsproximate to the second set of outside threads, the set of insidethreads arranged to receive a pressure relief valve

Example A-158 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-157, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the distribution transformer vessel is aerially mounted (e.g.,on poles, buildings, or other structures), configured at or below groundlevel, or configured in a vault.

Example A-159 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-158, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the distribution transformer vessel includes a mechanicalpressure relief valve.

Example A-160 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-159, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the distribution transformer monitor includes a user interface.

Example A-161 may include the subject matter of Example A-160, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the userinterface includes at least one of a website, a light source such as acontrollable pilot light, a transceiver, an audio output device such asa horn, bell, or piezo-based device.

Example A-162 may include the subject matter of Example A-160, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the userinterface excludes any human-perceptible user-interface integrated orproximate the distribution transformer vessel.

Example A-163 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 toA-162, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein,wherein the housing is internally coated, externally coated, internallyand externally coated, or not coated at all.

Example A-164 may include the subject matter of Example A-163, andalternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein thecoating includes a paint, a dye, or a polymer that is sprayed, anodized,sputtered, brushed, immersed, layered, or baked-on.

Example B-1 is a method, comprising: collecting data with at least oneelectronic sensor positioned outside of a distribution transformervessel, said distribution transformer vessel containing a distributiontransformer that is electrically coupled to a high voltage line;receiving the collected data from the at least one electronic sensor ata processing device; monitoring, with the processing device, one or moreenvironmental conditions present inside the distribution transformervessel, said one or more environmental conditions being represented byat least some of the collected data; based on the monitoring, assertinga warning signal when a first environmental condition has crossed apredetermined threshold; and communicating digital data to a remotecomputing device, the digital data including at least one digital datavalue drawn from the collected data and the warning signal.

Example C-1 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium whosestored contents configure a computing system to perform a method, themethod comprising: receiving electronic data generated by at least onesensor located external and adjacent to a distribution transformervessel, said distribution transformer vessel containing a distributiontransformer that is electrically coupled to a high voltage line, saidelectronic data being a representation of at least one condition insidethe distribution transformer vessel; comparing at least some of thereceived electronic data to a predetermined threshold; and based on thecomparing, asserting a warning signal indicating that at least some ofthe received electronic data has crossed the predetermined threshold.

Example D-1 is a monitor system for a distribution transformer,comprising: a processing circuit; and, optionally, any one or more of: apressure sensor coupled to the processing circuit, the pressure sensorarranged to generate pressure data representing a pressure inside adistribution transformer vessel; a first camera coupled to theprocessing circuit, the first camera arranged to generate infraredtemperature data representing temperature information inside thedistribution transformer vessel; a thermometer coupled to the processingcircuit, the thermometer arranged to generate ambient temperature datarepresenting ambient temperature information outside the distributiontransformer vessel; a second camera coupled to the processing circuit,the second camera arranged to generate digital picture informationrepresenting a state of a surge arrestor; an audio sensor coupled to theprocessing circuit, the audio sensor arranged to capture audioinformation in proximity to the distribution transformer; an electricalparameter detection circuit coupled to the processing circuit, theelectrical parameter detection circuit arranged to generate electricalstate information representing at least one of a voltage, a current, anda power generated in the distribution transformer; at least oneaccelerometer coupled to the processing circuit, the accelerometerarranged to generate physical status information associated with thedistribution transformer; a location determination circuit coupled tothe processing circuit, the location determination circuit arranged togenerate location information associated with the distributiontransformer; a transceiver coupled to the processing circuit; and amemory having processor circuit-executable instructions stored therein.The processing circuit-executable instructions are arranged to cause theprocessing circuit to: generate a first determination, based on thepressure data, whether a pressure threshold has been crossed; and/orgenerate a second determination, based on the infrared temperature data,whether a first temperature threshold has been crossed; and/or generatea third determination, based on the ambient temperature data, whether asecond temperature threshold has been crossed; and/or generate a fourthdetermination, based on the audio information, whether a surge arrestorhas been utilized, exhausted, depleted, expended, or otherwise consumed;and/or generate a fifth determination, based on the electrical stateinformation, whether an electrical threshold has been crossed; and/orgenerate a sixth determination, based on the physical status informationwhether the distribution transformer has tilted beyond a first tiltthreshold; and direct the transceiver to communicate an alert message inresponse to at least one determination, said alert message including thelocation information.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, ifnecessary to employ concepts of the various patents, application andpublications to provide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/875,411, filed Jul. 17, 2019, which application ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

1. A distribution transformer monitor, comprising: a housing arrangedfor positioning proximate to a distribution transformer vessel that isfilled with a non-conductive medium; a processing circuit arranged inthe housing and configured to determine, from generated digital data,that at least one environmental condition existing inside thedistribution transformer vessel has crossed a threshold; and a sensorelectrically coupled to the processing circuit, the sensor positioned togenerate at least some of the digital data associated with the at leastone environmental condition; wherein the sensor includes an infraredcamera sensor, and wherein the housing is mechanically coupleable to thedistribution transformer vessel in an orientation that aligns a field ofview of the infrared camera sensor with a sidewall portion of thedistribution transformer vessel that windows a fill level of thenon-conductive medium.
 2. (canceled)
 3. (canceled)
 4. The distributiontransformer monitor of claim 1 wherein the processing circuit is furtherarranged to generate an alert based on a determination that the at leastone environmental condition has crossed the threshold.
 5. Thedistribution transformer monitor of claim 4 wherein the at least oneenvironmental condition includes a temperature, a pressure, anelectrical voltage, or an electrical current.
 6. The distributiontransformer monitor of claim 4, further comprising: a transceiverarranged to wirelessly communicate the alert to a remote computingdevice.
 7. The distribution transformer monitor of claim 1, furthercomprising: a pressure sensor electrically coupled to the processingcircuit, the pressure sensor arranged to generate pressure datarepresentative of a pressure inside the distribution transformer vessel,wherein the generated digital data includes at least some of thepressure data.
 8. The distribution transformer monitor of claim 1,further comprising: a Rogowski circuit electrically coupled to theprocessing circuit, the Rogowski circuit arranged to generate electricaldata representative of at least one of an electrical voltage and anelectrical current inside the distribution transformer vessel, whereinthe generated digital data includes at least some of the electricaldata.
 9. The distribution transformer monitor of claim 1 wherein thehousing is between about three inches long (3 in.) and about twenty-fourinches long (24 in.), the housing is between about two inches wide (2in.) and about eight inches wide (8 in.), and between about one inchtall (1 in.) and about eight inches tall (8 in.).
 10. The distributiontransformer monitor of claim 1 wherein the housing includes at least oneindicator legend arranged to facilitate positioning of the housing in asubstantially vertical orientation relative to the distributiontransformer vessel.
 11. A method, comprising: collecting data with atleast one electronic sensor positioned outside of a distributiontransformer vessel, said distribution transformer vessel containing adistribution transformer that is immersed in a non-conductive medium andelectrically coupled to a high voltage line; receiving the collecteddata from the at least one electronic sensor at a processing devicearranged inside a housing of a distribution transformer monitor that ispositioned proximate to a distribution transformer vessel; monitoring,with the processing device, one or more environmental conditions presentinside the distribution transformer vessel, said one or moreenvironmental conditions being represented by at least some of thecollected data; based on the monitoring, asserting a warning signal whena first environmental condition has crossed a predetermined threshold;and communicating digital data to a remote computing device, the digitaldata including at least one digital data value drawn from the collecteddata and the warning signal; and positioning the housing of thedistribution transformer monitor in a substantially vertical orientationrelative to the distribution transformer vessel based at least in parton an indicator legend formed on the housing.
 12. The method of claim 11wherein the at least one electronic sensor includes at least one of aninfrared camera sensor, a pressure sensor, and a Rogowski circuit. 13.The method of claim 11 wherein the one or more environmental conditionsinclude a level of non-conductive medium inside the distributiontransformer vessel.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the one or moreenvironmental conditions include at least one of a temperature, apressure, an electrical voltage, and an electrical current.
 15. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising: processing, at the remotecomputing device, a plurality of sets of digital data received,respectively, from a plurality of distribution transformer monitors;determining from the processing at least one pattern formed from dataincluded in the plurality of sets of digital data; and identifying animpending maintenance condition in at least one distribution transformerbased on the at least pattern.
 16. (canceled)
 17. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium whose stored contents configure acomputing system to perform a method, the method comprising: receivingelectronic data generated by at least one sensor located external andproximate to a distribution transformer vessel, said distributiontransformer vessel containing a distribution transformer that isimmersed in a non-conductive medium and electrically coupled to a highvoltage line, said electronic data being a representation of at leastone condition inside the distribution transformer vessel; comparing atleast some of the received electronic data to a predetermined threshold;and based on the comparing, asserting an alert indicating that at leastsome of the received electronic data has crossed the predeterminedthreshold; wirelessly communicating the alert to a remote computingdevice; receiving a plurality of electronic data generated by arespective plurality of sensors located external and proximate to arespective plurality of distribution transformer vessels, each of saiddistribution transformer vessels containing a respective distributiontransformer that is immersed in a respective non-conductive medium andelectrically coupled to a respective high voltage line, said pluralityof electronic data being a representation of at least one conditioninside the respective distribution transformer vessel; detecting atleast one pattern in the plurality of received electronic data; andidentifying at least one impending maintenance condition in at least oneof the plurality of distribution transformers based on the at least onepattern.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 17 whose stored contents configure the computingsystem to perform the method, the method further comprising: wirelesslycommunicating the alert to a remote computing device.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 17whose stored contents configure the computing system to perform themethod wherein the electronic data includes data representing at leastone of a temperature, a pressure, an electrical voltage, and anelectrical current present inside the distribution transformer vessel.20. (canceled)
 21. The distribution transformer monitor of claim 1,wherein the housing being mechanically coupleable to the distributiontransformer vessel in an orientation that aligns the field of view ofthe infrared camera sensor with the sidewall portion of the distributiontransformer vessel that windows the fill level of the non-conductivemedium includes the infrared camera sensor being aligned relative to thesidewall portion of the distribution transformer vessel to obtain datato determine the fill level of the non-conductive medium.
 22. Thedistribution transformer monitor of claim 1, wherein the housing beingmechanically coupleable to the distribution transformer vessel in anorientation that aligns the field of view of the infrared camera sensorwith the sidewall portion of the distribution transformer vessel thatwindows the fill level of the non-conductive medium includes theinfrared camera sensor being aligned relative to the sidewall portion ofthe distribution transformer vessel to provide data to estimate the filllevel of the non-conductive medium.